---
title: "Ultimate AP Chemistry Equation Sheets"
description: "Every AP Chemistry equation you need to know, straight from the official reference sheet, to help you get a 5 on the AP Chemistry Exam."
url: "https://nerd-notes.com/ap-chemistry-formula-sheets/"
date_modified: "2026-10-02T05:48:45+00:00"
---

# Ultimate AP Chemistry Equation Sheets

Every equation and constant on the official AP Chemistry exam reference sheet, in one interactive digital sheet with each formula tagged by unit.

- [View Digital Equation Sheet](https://nerd-notes.com/ap-chemistry-formula-sheets/#eq-official) (jumps to the digital sheet at the bottom of this page)

## And even more free resources to help you get a 5

- For AP-style questions, [check out UBQ.](https://nerd-notes.com/ubq/?subject=chemistry)
- For AP-style Practice Exams, [check out UBQ Quiz Labs.](https://nerd-notes.com/quiz/?subject=chemistry)
- For AP Chemistry practice questions sorted by unit, [click here.](https://nerd-notes.com/subjects/ap-chemistry/)
- Use Phy to solve and explain hard questions. [Try here.](https://nerd-notes.com/ai/)

## Official 2026 Digital Equation Sheet

Also built into every AP Chemistry question on [UBQ](https://nerd-notes.com/ubq/?subject=chemistry), or [download the official PDF](https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/media/pdf/ap-chemistry-equations-sheet.pdf).

On the page this is an interactive sheet: a sticky tab bar jumps between its sections, and hovering (or focusing) an equation shows its name and the AP Chemistry unit it belongs to. Its full content follows: College Board's "AP Chemistry 2026 Exam Reference Information", transcribed, with each equation's name and CED unit as the page shows them on hover.

AP Chemistry units: 1 Atomic Structure and Properties · 2 Compound Structure and Properties · 3 Properties of Substances and Mixtures · 4 Chemical Reactions · 5 Kinetics · 6 Thermochemistry · 7 Equilibrium · 8 Acids and Bases · 9 Thermodynamics and Electrochemistry.

### Atomic Structure

- Photon energy (Unit 3: Properties of Substances and Mixtures): $E = h\nu$
- Speed of light (wave relation) (Unit 3: Properties of Substances and Mixtures): $c = \lambda\nu$
- Coulomb's law (proportionality) (Unit 1: Atomic Structure and Properties): $F_{\textit{coulombic}} \propto \frac{q_1 q_2}{r^2}$

Variables: $E$ energy; $\nu$ frequency; $\lambda$ wavelength; $F$ force; $q$ charge; $r$ separation

### Atomic Structure Constants

- Planck's constant: $h = 6.626\times10^{-34}\ \mathrm{J\ s}$
- Speed of light: $c = 2.998\times10^{8}\ \mathrm{m\ s^{-1}}$
- Avogadro's number: $6.022\times10^{23}\ \mathrm{mol^{-1}}$

### Gases, Liquids, and Solutions

- Combined gas law (Unit 3: Properties of Substances and Mixtures): $\frac{P_1 V_1}{T_1} = \frac{P_2 V_2}{T_2}$
- Ideal gas law (Unit 3: Properties of Substances and Mixtures): $PV = nRT$
- Partial pressure from mole fraction (Unit 3: Properties of Substances and Mixtures): $P_A = P_{\text{total}} \times X_{\mathrm{A}},\ \text{where}\ X_{\mathrm{A}} = \frac{\text{moles A}}{\text{total moles}}$
- Dalton's law of partial pressures (Unit 3: Properties of Substances and Mixtures): $P_{\text{total}} = P_{\mathrm{A}} + P_{\mathrm{B}} + P_{\mathrm{C}} + \ldots$
- Moles from mass (Unit 1: Atomic Structure and Properties): $n = \frac{m}{\boldsymbol{M}}$
- Density (Unit 3: Properties of Substances and Mixtures): $D = \frac{m}{V}$
- Kinetic energy (Unit 3: Properties of Substances and Mixtures): $\mathit{KE} = \frac{1}{2}mv^2$
- Molarity (Unit 3: Properties of Substances and Mixtures): $M = \frac{n_{\textit{solute}}}{\mathrm{L}_{\textit{solution}}}$
- Beer-Lambert law (Unit 3: Properties of Substances and Mixtures): $A = \varepsilon bc$

Variables: $P$ pressure; $V$ volume; $T$ temperature; $n$ number of moles; $X$ mole fraction; $m$ mass; $\boldsymbol{M}$ molar mass; $D$ density; $\mathit{KE}$ kinetic energy; $v$ velocity; $M$ molarity; $A$ absorbance; $\varepsilon$ molar absorptivity; $b$ path length; $c$ concentration

### Gas Constants

- Gas constant: $\begin{aligned} R &= 8.314\ \mathrm{J\ mol^{-1}\ K^{-1}} \\ &= 0.08206\ \mathrm{L\ atm\ mol^{-1}\ K^{-1}} \end{aligned}$
- STP: $\text{STP} = 273.15\ \mathrm{K}\ \text{and}\ 1.0\ \mathrm{atm}$
- Ideal gas at STP: $\text{Ideal gas at STP} = 22.4\ \mathrm{L\ mol^{-1}}$

### Kinetics

- Zero-order integrated rate law (Unit 5: Kinetics): $[\mathrm{A}]_t - [\mathrm{A}]_0 = -kt$
- First-order integrated rate law (Unit 5: Kinetics): $\ln[\mathrm{A}]_t - \ln[\mathrm{A}]_0 = -kt$
- Second-order integrated rate law (Unit 5: Kinetics): $\frac{1}{[\mathrm{A}]_t} - \frac{1}{[\mathrm{A}]_0} = kt$
- First-order half-life (Unit 5: Kinetics): $t_{1/2} = \frac{0.693}{k}$

Variables: $k$ rate constant; $t$ time; $t_{1/2}$ half-life

### Equilibrium

- Equilibrium constant (concentrations) (Unit 7: Equilibrium): $K_c = \frac{[\mathrm{C}]^c[\mathrm{D}]^d}{[\mathrm{A}]^a[\mathrm{B}]^b},\ \text{where}\ a\,\mathrm{A} + b\,\mathrm{B} \rightleftharpoons c\,\mathrm{C} + d\,\mathrm{D}$
- Equilibrium constant (pressures) (Unit 7: Equilibrium): $K_p = \frac{(P_{\mathrm{C}})^c(P_{\mathrm{D}})^d}{(P_{\mathrm{A}})^a(P_{\mathrm{B}})^b}$
- Ion-product constant of water (Unit 8: Acids and Bases): $K_w = [\mathrm{H_3O^+}][\mathrm{OH^-}] = 1.0\times10^{-14}\ \text{at}\ 25^\circ\mathrm{C}$
- pKw, pH and pOH (Unit 8: Acids and Bases): $\mathrm{p}K_w = 14 = \mathrm{pH} + \mathrm{pOH}\ \text{at}\ 25^\circ\mathrm{C}$
- pH (Unit 8: Acids and Bases): $\mathrm{pH} = -\log[\mathrm{H_3O^+}]$
- pOH (Unit 8: Acids and Bases): $\mathrm{pOH} = -\log[\mathrm{OH^-}]$
- Acid dissociation constant (Unit 8: Acids and Bases): $K_a = \frac{[\mathrm{H_3O^+}][\mathrm{A^-}]}{[\mathrm{HA}]}$
- Base dissociation constant (Unit 8: Acids and Bases): $K_b = \frac{[\mathrm{OH^-}][\mathrm{HB^+}]}{[\mathrm{B}]}$
- pKa (Unit 8: Acids and Bases): $\mathrm{p}K_a = -\log K_a$
- pKb (Unit 8: Acids and Bases): $\mathrm{p}K_b = -\log K_b$
- Kw from Ka and Kb (Unit 8: Acids and Bases): $K_w = K_a \times K_b$
- pKw from pKa and pKb (Unit 8: Acids and Bases): $\mathrm{p}K_w = \mathrm{p}K_a + \mathrm{p}K_b$
- Henderson-Hasselbalch equation (Unit 8: Acids and Bases): $\mathrm{pH} = \mathrm{p}K_a + \log\frac{[\mathrm{A^-}]}{[\mathrm{HA}]}$

Variables: $K_c$ molar concentrations; $K_p$ gas pressures; $K_w$ water; $K_a$ acid; $K_b$ base

### Thermodynamics/Electrochemistry

- Heat (calorimetry) (Unit 6: Thermochemistry): $q = mc\Delta T$
- Enthalpy of reaction from enthalpies of formation (Unit 6: Thermochemistry): $\Delta H^\circ_{\textit{reaction}} = \sum \Delta H^\circ_{f\ \textit{products}} - \sum \Delta H^\circ_{f\ \textit{reactants}}$
- Entropy of reaction (Unit 9: Thermodynamics and Electrochemistry): $\Delta S^\circ_{\textit{reaction}} = \sum S^\circ_{\textit{products}} - \sum S^\circ_{\textit{reactants}}$
- Gibbs free energy of reaction from free energies of formation (Unit 9: Thermodynamics and Electrochemistry): $\Delta G^\circ_{\textit{reaction}} = \sum \Delta G^\circ_{f\ \textit{products}} - \sum \Delta G^\circ_{f\ \textit{reactants}}$
- Gibbs free energy, equilibrium constant and cell potential (Unit 9: Thermodynamics and Electrochemistry): $\begin{aligned} \Delta G^\circ &= \Delta H^\circ - T\Delta S^\circ \\ &= -RT\ln K \\ &= -nFE^\circ \end{aligned}$
- Current (Unit 9: Thermodynamics and Electrochemistry): $I = \frac{q}{t}$
- Nernst equation (Unit 9: Thermodynamics and Electrochemistry): $E_{\textit{cell}} = E^\circ_{\textit{cell}} - \frac{RT}{nF}\ln Q$

Variables: $q$ heat; $m$ mass; $c$ specific heat capacity; $T$ temperature; $S^\circ$ standard entropy; $H^\circ$ standard enthalpy; $G^\circ$ standard Gibbs free energy; $R$ gas constant; $K$ equilibrium constant; $n$ number of moles of electrons; $E^\circ$ standard potential; $I$ current (amperes); $q$ charge (coulombs); $t$ time (seconds); $Q$ reaction quotient

### Thermodynamics/Electrochemistry Constants

- Faraday's constant: $F = 96{,}485\ \text{coulombs} / 1\ \text{mol}\ e^-$

### Periodic Table of the Elements

| Z | Symbol | Element | Atomic mass |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | H | Hydrogen | 1.008 |
| 2 | He | Helium | 4.00 |
| 3 | Li | Lithium | 6.94 |
| 4 | Be | Beryllium | 9.01 |
| 5 | B | Boron | 10.81 |
| 6 | C | Carbon | 12.01 |
| 7 | N | Nitrogen | 14.01 |
| 8 | O | Oxygen | 16.00 |
| 9 | F | Fluorine | 19.00 |
| 10 | Ne | Neon | 20.18 |
| 11 | Na | Sodium | 22.99 |
| 12 | Mg | Magnesium | 24.30 |
| 13 | Al | Aluminium | 26.98 |
| 14 | Si | Silicon | 28.09 |
| 15 | P | Phosphorus | 30.97 |
| 16 | S | Sulfur | 32.06 |
| 17 | Cl | Chlorine | 35.45 |
| 18 | Ar | Argon | 39.95 |
| 19 | K | Potassium | 39.10 |
| 20 | Ca | Calcium | 40.08 |
| 21 | Sc | Scandium | 44.96 |
| 22 | Ti | Titanium | 47.87 |
| 23 | V | Vanadium | 50.94 |
| 24 | Cr | Chromium | 52.00 |
| 25 | Mn | Manganese | 54.94 |
| 26 | Fe | Iron | 55.85 |
| 27 | Co | Cobalt | 58.93 |
| 28 | Ni | Nickel | 58.69 |
| 29 | Cu | Copper | 63.55 |
| 30 | Zn | Zinc | 65.38 |
| 31 | Ga | Gallium | 69.72 |
| 32 | Ge | Germanium | 72.63 |
| 33 | As | Arsenic | 74.92 |
| 34 | Se | Selenium | 78.97 |
| 35 | Br | Bromine | 79.90 |
| 36 | Kr | Krypton | 83.80 |
| 37 | Rb | Rubidium | 85.47 |
| 38 | Sr | Strontium | 87.62 |
| 39 | Y | Yttrium | 88.91 |
| 40 | Zr | Zirconium | 91.22 |
| 41 | Nb | Niobium | 92.91 |
| 42 | Mo | Molybdenum | 95.95 |
| 43 | Tc | Technetium |  |
| 44 | Ru | Ruthenium | 101.07 |
| 45 | Rh | Rhodium | 102.91 |
| 46 | Pd | Palladium | 106.42 |
| 47 | Ag | Silver | 107.87 |
| 48 | Cd | Cadmium | 112.41 |
| 49 | In | Indium | 114.82 |
| 50 | Sn | Tin | 118.71 |
| 51 | Sb | Antimony | 121.76 |
| 52 | Te | Tellurium | 127.60 |
| 53 | I | Iodine | 126.90 |
| 54 | Xe | Xenon | 131.29 |
| 55 | Cs | Cesium | 132.91 |
| 56 | Ba | Barium | 137.33 |
| 57 | La | Lanthanum | 138.91 |
| 58 | Ce | Cerium | 140.12 |
| 59 | Pr | Praseodymium | 140.91 |
| 60 | Nd | Neodymium | 144.24 |
| 61 | Pm | Promethium |  |
| 62 | Sm | Samarium | 150.36 |
| 63 | Eu | Europium | 151.97 |
| 64 | Gd | Gadolinium | 157.25 |
| 65 | Tb | Terbium | 158.93 |
| 66 | Dy | Dysprosium | 162.50 |
| 67 | Ho | Holmium | 164.93 |
| 68 | Er | Erbium | 167.26 |
| 69 | Tm | Thulium | 168.93 |
| 70 | Yb | Ytterbium | 173.05 |
| 71 | Lu | Lutetium | 174.97 |
| 72 | Hf | Hafnium | 178.49 |
| 73 | Ta | Tantalum | 180.95 |
| 74 | W | Tungsten | 183.84 |
| 75 | Re | Rhenium | 186.21 |
| 76 | Os | Osmium | 190.23 |
| 77 | Ir | Iridium | 192.22 |
| 78 | Pt | Platinum | 195.08 |
| 79 | Au | Gold | 196.97 |
| 80 | Hg | Mercury | 200.59 |
| 81 | Tl | Thallium | 204.38 |
| 82 | Pb | Lead | 207.2 |
| 83 | Bi | Bismuth | 208.98 |
| 84 | Po | Polonium |  |
| 85 | At | Astatine |  |
| 86 | Rn | Radon |  |
| 87 | Fr | Francium |  |
| 88 | Ra | Radium |  |
| 89 | Ac | Actinium |  |
| 90 | Th | Thorium | 232.04 |
| 91 | Pa | Protactinium | 231.04 |
| 92 | U | Uranium | 238.03 |
| 93 | Np | Neptunium |  |
| 94 | Pu | Plutonium |  |
| 95 | Am | Americium |  |
| 96 | Cm | Curium |  |
| 97 | Bk | Berkelium |  |
| 98 | Cf | Californium |  |
| 99 | Es | Einsteinium |  |
| 100 | Fm | Fermium |  |
| 101 | Md | Mendelevium |  |
| 102 | No | Nobelium |  |
| 103 | Lr | Lawrencium |  |
| 104 | Rf | Rutherfordium |  |
| 105 | Db | Dubnium |  |
| 106 | Sg | Seaborgium |  |
| 107 | Bh | Bohrium |  |
| 108 | Hs | Hassium |  |
| 109 | Mt | Meitnerium |  |
| 110 | Ds | Darmstadtium |  |
| 111 | Rg | Roentgenium |  |
| 112 | Cn | Copernicium |  |
| 113 | Nh | Nihonium |  |
| 114 | Fl | Flerovium |  |
| 115 | Mc | Moscovium |  |
| 116 | Lv | Livermorium |  |
| 117 | Ts | Tennessine |  |
| 118 | Og | Oganesson |  |

### Unit Symbols

| Unit | Symbol |
|---|---|
| gram | $\mathrm{g}$ |
| mole | $\mathrm{mol}$ |
| liter | $\mathrm{L}$ |
| meter | $\mathrm{m}$ |
| second | $\mathrm{s}$ |
| hertz | $\mathrm{Hz}$ |
| atmosphere | $\mathrm{atm}$ |
| millimeter of mercury | $\mathrm{mm\ Hg}$ |
| degree Celsius | $\mathrm{{}^\circ C}$ |
| kelvin | $\mathrm{K}$ |
| joule | $\mathrm{J}$ |
| volt | $\mathrm{V}$ |
| coulomb | $\mathrm{C}$ |
| ampere | $\mathrm{A}$ |

### Unit Conversions

- Hertz: $1\ \text{hertz} = 1\ \mathrm{s^{-1}}$
- Atmosphere: $1\ \mathrm{atm} = 760\ \mathrm{mm\ Hg} = 760\ \text{torr}$
- Kelvin: $\mathrm{K} = {}^\circ\mathrm{C} + 273.15$
- Volt: $1\ \text{volt} = \frac{1\ \text{joule}}{1\ \text{coulomb}}$
- Ampere: $1\ \text{ampere} = \frac{1\ \text{coulomb}}{1\ \text{second}}$

### Metric Prefixes

| Factor | Prefix | Symbol |
|---|---|---|
| $10^{9}$ | giga | $\mathrm{G}$ |
| $10^{6}$ | mega | $\mathrm{M}$ |
| $10^{3}$ | kilo | $\mathrm{k}$ |
| $10^{-2}$ | centi | $\mathrm{c}$ |
| $10^{-3}$ | milli | $\mathrm{m}$ |
| $10^{-6}$ | micro | $\mu$ |
| $10^{-9}$ | nano | $\mathrm{n}$ |
| $10^{-12}$ | pico | $\mathrm{p}$ |

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The resources above are plain links; the digital sheet is an interactive JavaScript component whose data loads from the Nerd Notes API — its full content is reproduced above for automated readers.