---
title: "Every AP Biology FRQ Sorted by Topic"
description: "Every AP Biology FRQ from 2015-2025 organized by unit, skill, and question type. Find the exact topics and see predicted 2026 FRQ topics."
featured_image: "https://nerd-notes.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/nerd-notes-DNA-helix-2.png"
url: "https://nerd-notes.com/every-ap-biology-frq-sorted-by-topic/"
date_modified: "2026-09-16T06:25:44+00:00"
---

# Every AP Biology FRQ Sorted by Topic

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UPDATED for the 2026-27 School Year. Below is every single AP Biology FRQ from 2015-2026 sorted by topic.

At the end is the **predicted** FRQs for the upcoming 2027 exam. Good luck!

PRO TIP: Links open in [FRQ Atlas](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/) — You find the FRQ and upload your working for **free**, instant AI grading based on scoring guidelines.

## FRQ Types

Drill down into the 6 specific question types you’ll face on exam day.

#### Interpreting Experimental Results

**13 questions.** A 9-point heavy hitter requiring data analysis and prediction. *Tip: Identify the dependent/independent variables immediately.*

#### Experimental Results w/ Graphing

**9 questions.** The standard “graph it” question. *Tip: Don’t forget units on axes and error bars if SEM is provided.*

#### Scientific Investigation

**11 questions.** Describes a lab setup. *Tip: Focus on controls and justifying why specific variables are measured.*

#### Conceptual Analysis

**14 questions.** A disruption to a biological system. *Tip: Trace the pathway: if X breaks, what happens to Y and Z?*

#### Analyze Visual Model

**13 questions.** Diagrams of pathways or processes. *Tip: Use the diagram’s labels in your answer; don’t just use general terms.*

#### Analyze Data

**16 questions.** Pure data interpretation, often tables. *Tip: Look for statistical significance (overlapping error bars).*

## Skills

Master the 6 core science practices tested on the exam.

#### Concept Explanation (79)

#### 1.A Describe concepts

Define and detail processes. (47)

#### 1.B Explain concepts

Connect mechanics to outcomes. (23)

#### 1.C Applied contexts

Apply bio knowledge to new scenarios. (9)

#### Visual Representations (22)

#### 2.A Describe visuals

State what a diagram shows. (3)

#### 2.B Explain relationships

Analyze connections in models. (5)

#### 2.C Model principles

Link models to big theories. (3)

#### 2.D Represent models

Draw or complete diagrams. (11)

#### Questions & Methods (25)

#### 3.A Pose questions

Identify testable questions. (1)

#### 3.B Hypotheses

State null/alternative hypotheses. (7)

#### 3.C Procedures

Identify controls and variables. (17)

#### Representing Data (36)

#### 4.A Construct graphs

Plot data points and axes. (10)

#### 4.B Describe data

Summarize trends and patterns. (26)

#### Statistical Tests (25)

#### 5.A Calculations

Math and formulas. (13)

#### 5.B Error bars

Interpret confidence intervals. (8)

#### 5.D Evaluate hypothesis

Reject or fail to reject. (4)

#### Argumentation (112)

#### 6.A Claims

Make a scientific assertion. (7)

#### 6.B Support with evidence

Use data to back claims. (22)

#### 6.C Reasoning

Justify using bio theory. (32)

#### 6.D Explain results

Connect experiments to concepts. (12)

#### 6.E Predict effects

Forecast system disruptions. (39)

## Units

Frequency data for every AP Biology topic.

#### Unit 1: Chemistry of Life

Relatively rare on its own, usually tested as context for enzymes or cells. **(4 questions)**

#### Unit 2: Cells

High frequency; often focuses on membrane transport or organelle dysfunction. **(16 questions)**

#### Unit 3: Cellular Energetics

The most tested unit; master enzyme inhibition, respiration, and photosynthesis pathways. **(22 questions)**

#### Unit 4: Cell Communication

Signal transduction errors and feedback loops are massive FRQ favorites. **(20 questions)**

#### Unit 5: Heredity

Meiosis and pedigrees are common; watch for chi-square applications here. **(14 questions)**

#### Unit 6: Gene Expression

Central dogma and regulation (operons/transcription factors) appear consistently. **(22 questions)**

#### Unit 7: Natural Selection

Cladograms and Hardy-Weinberg are the key technical skills tested here. **(20 questions)**

#### Unit 8: Ecology

Very frequent; often paired with graphing questions about population dynamics or trophic cascades. **(22 questions)**

## Unit 1: Chemistry of Life

- **[2026 Q1](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2026&pg=3)** (*Interpreting and Evaluating Experimental Results*) — Dinucleoside polyphosphates, stomatal closure signaling.
- **[2024 Q2](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2024&pg=8)** (*Interpreting and Evaluating Experimental Results with Graphing*) — Toad liver metabolism, temperature, ATP synthesis.
- **[2022 Q2](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2022&pg=7)** (*Interpreting and Evaluating Experimental Results with Graphing*) — Meiosis crossing over, DNA breaks, corn strains.
- **[2021 Q2](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2021&pg=7)** (*Interpreting and Evaluating Experimental Results with Graphing*) — Glucose metabolism disorder, pedigree analysis, inheritance.

## Unit 2: Cells

- **[2026 Q2](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2026&pg=6)** (*Interpreting and Evaluating Experimental Results with Graphing*) — siRNA, AGO2 genotypes, mRNA graphing.
- **[2025 Q1](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2025&pg=3)** (*Interpreting and Evaluating Experimental Results*) — Protein transport, ER, siRNA inhibition.
- **[2025 Q2](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2025&pg=5)** (*Interpreting and Evaluating Experimental Results with Graphing*) — Moth pheromone, 20E signaling, crop protection.
- **[2024 Q3](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2024&pg=9)** (*Scientific Investigation*) — Red blood cells, glucose uptake, aging guinea pigs.
- **[2022 Q1](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2022&pg=5)** (*Interpreting and Evaluating Experimental Results*) — Cholera toxin, cAMP signaling, chloride transport.
- **[2021 Q1](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2021&pg=5)** (*Interpreting and Evaluating Experimental Results*) — Na+/K+ ATPase, PKD cells, ouabain.
- **[2019 Q2](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2019&pg=6)** (*Interpreting and Evaluating Experimental Results with Graphing*) — Protist competition, population growth curves.
- **[2019 Q3](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2019&pg=8)** (*Conceptual Analysis*) — PDC enzyme deficiency, NADH production, inheritance.
- **[2019 Q8](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2019&pg=14)** (*Analyze Model or Visual Representation of a Biological Concept or Process*) — Flower opening, vacuole pH, cell swelling.
- **[2018 Q2](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2018&pg=4)** (*Interpreting and Evaluating Experimental Results*) — Caspase-1, gasdermin, cell fractionation data.
- **[2018 Q4](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2018&pg=7)** (*Analyze Data*) — Bedbug insecticide resistance, gene deletions.
- **[2018 Q6](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2018&pg=10)** (*Analyze Model or Visual Representation of a Biological Concept or Process*) — CFTR protein pathway, cystic fibrosis.
- **[2017 Q8](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2017&pg=11)** (*Conceptual Analysis*) — Estrogen transport, intracellular receptors, antibodies.
- **[2016 Q1](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2016&pg=3)** (*Interpreting and Evaluating Experimental Results with Graphing*) — Mussels, lap94 allele, salinity gradient.
- **[2016 Q4](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2016&pg=6)** (*Analyze Model or Visual Representation of a Biological Concept or Process*) — Eukaryotic RNA processing, prokaryotic comparison.
- **[2015 Q2](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2015&pg=5)** (*Interpreting and Evaluating Experimental Results*) — ATP synthesis, glycolysis origin, efficiency calculation.

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## Unit 3: Cellular Energetics

- **[2026 Q3](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2026&pg=8)** (*Scientific Investigation*) — Cyanide, cytochrome c oxidase, cellular respiration.
- **[2025 Q5](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2025&pg=9)** (*Analyze Model or Visual Representation of a Biological Concept or Process*) — Amino acid synthesis, feedback inhibition.
- **[2024 Q2](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2024&pg=8)** (*Interpreting and Evaluating Experimental Results with Graphing*) — Toad liver metabolism, temperature, ATP synthesis.
- **[2023 Q2](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2023&pg=7)** (*Interpreting and Evaluating Experimental Results with Graphing*) — CO2 levels, mitochondrial density, organelle inheritance.
- **[2023 Q4](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2023&pg=10)** (*Conceptual Analysis*) — Photosynthesis electron flow, photosystem I mutation.
- **[2022 Q3](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2022&pg=9)** (*Scientific Investigation*) — Luciferase enzyme rate, temperature effect.
- **[2021 Q3](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2021&pg=9)** (*Scientific Investigation*) — Resveratrol, ATP production, muscle cells.
- **[2019 Q1](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2019&pg=5)** (*Interpreting and Evaluating Experimental Results*) — IAA synthesis pathway, feedback, rhizobacteria.
- **[2019 Q3](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2019&pg=8)** (*Conceptual Analysis*) — PDC enzyme deficiency, NADH production, inheritance.
- **[2019 Q4](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2019&pg=9)** (*Analyze Model or Visual Representation of a Biological Concept or Process*) — Neurotoxin, synaptic transmission, enzymes.
- **[2019 Q6](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2019&pg=11)** (*Scientific Investigation*) — Yeast amino acid synthesis, mutant strains.
- **[2019 Q7](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2019&pg=13)** (*Analyze Data*) — Mouse tissue mRNA, glycolysis genes.
- **[2018 Q2](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2018&pg=4)** (*Interpreting and Evaluating Experimental Results*) — Caspase-1, gasdermin, cell fractionation data.
- **[2018 Q4](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2018&pg=7)** (*Analyze Data*) — Bedbug insecticide resistance, gene deletions.
- **[2018 Q8](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2018&pg=12)** (*Analyze Data*) — Acetylcholine receptors, enzyme inhibition.
- **[2017 Q1](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2017&pg=2)** (*Interpreting and Evaluating Experimental Results with Graphing*) — Caffeine, bee memory, nectar.
- **[2017 Q3](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2017&pg=6)** (*Conceptual Analysis*) — Gibberellin biosynthesis, GA3H mutation, plant height.
- **[2017 Q5](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2017&pg=8)** (*Analyze Data*) — Pond algal bloom, oxygen levels, metabolism.
- **[2017 Q7](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2017&pg=10)** (*Conceptual Analysis*) — Oral bacteria, biofilms, toothpaste pH.
- **[2016 Q1](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2016&pg=3)** (*Interpreting and Evaluating Experimental Results with Graphing*) — Mussels, lap94 allele, salinity gradient.
- **[2016 Q3](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2016&pg=5)** (*Analyze Data*) — Annual plant energy allocation, growing season.
- **[2015 Q2](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2015&pg=5)** (*Interpreting and Evaluating Experimental Results*) — ATP synthesis, glycolysis origin, efficiency calculation.

## Unit 4: Cell Communication and Cell Cycle

- **[2026 Q1](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2026&pg=3)** (*Interpreting and Evaluating Experimental Results*) — Dinucleoside polyphosphates, stomatal closure signaling.
- **[2026 Q4](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2026&pg=10)** (*Conceptual Analysis*) — Meiosis, nondisjunction, chromosome number.
- **[2025 Q2](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2025&pg=5)** (*Interpreting and Evaluating Experimental Results with Graphing*) — Moth pheromone, 20E signaling, crop protection.
- **[2025 Q5](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2025&pg=9)** (*Analyze Model or Visual Representation of a Biological Concept or Process*) — Amino acid synthesis, feedback inhibition.
- **[2024 Q1](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2024&pg=5)** (*Interpreting and Evaluating Experimental Results*) — Yeast chromosomes, kinetochore proteins, crossing over.
- **[2023 Q1](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2023&pg=5)** (*Interpreting and Evaluating Experimental Results*) — Yeast PHO signaling, phosphate levels.
- **[2022 Q1](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2022&pg=5)** (*Interpreting and Evaluating Experimental Results*) — Cholera toxin, cAMP signaling, chloride transport.
- **[2021 Q1](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2021&pg=5)** (*Interpreting and Evaluating Experimental Results*) — Na+/K+ ATPase, PKD cells, ouabain.
- **[2019 Q1](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2019&pg=5)** (*Interpreting and Evaluating Experimental Results*) — IAA synthesis pathway, feedback, rhizobacteria.
- **[2019 Q4](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2019&pg=9)** (*Analyze Model or Visual Representation of a Biological Concept or Process*) — Neurotoxin, synaptic transmission, enzymes.
- **[2018 Q2](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2018&pg=4)** (*Interpreting and Evaluating Experimental Results*) — Caspase-1, gasdermin, cell fractionation data.
- **[2018 Q8](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2018&pg=12)** (*Analyze Data*) — Acetylcholine receptors, enzyme inhibition.
- **[2017 Q2](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2017&pg=4)** (*Interpreting and Evaluating Experimental Results*) — Smoke compounds, seed germination, receptors.
- **[2017 Q8](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2017&pg=11)** (*Conceptual Analysis*) — Estrogen transport, intracellular receptors, antibodies.
- **[2016 Q8](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2016&pg=10)** (*Analyze Data*) — Exercise, blood prolactin levels, error bars.
- **[2015 Q1](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2015&pg=2)** (*Interpreting and Evaluating Experimental Results*) — Mouse circadian rhythms, light conditions.
- **[2015 Q4](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2015&pg=8)** (*Conceptual Analysis*) — Mitosis vs meiosis comparison.
- **[2015 Q5](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2015&pg=8)** (*Scientific Investigation*) — Phototropism, plant shoot treatments.
- **[2015 Q7](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2015&pg=10)** (*Conceptual Analysis*) — Olfactory neurons, signal transduction, odor perception.
- **[2015 Q8](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2015&pg=10)** (*Conceptual Analysis*) — B-cell loss, humoral immune response.

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## Unit 5: Heredity

- **[2026 Q2](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2026&pg=6)** (*Interpreting and Evaluating Experimental Results with Graphing*) — siRNA, AGO2 genotypes, mRNA graphing.
- **[2026 Q4](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2026&pg=10)** (*Conceptual Analysis*) — Meiosis, nondisjunction, chromosome number.
- **[2025 Q6](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2025&pg=10)** (*Analyze Data*) — Fruit flies, ALD protein, meiosis.
- **[2024 Q1](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2024&pg=5)** (*Interpreting and Evaluating Experimental Results*) — Yeast chromosomes, kinetochore proteins, crossing over.
- **[2023 Q2](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2023&pg=7)** (*Interpreting and Evaluating Experimental Results with Graphing*) — CO2 levels, mitochondrial density, organelle inheritance.
- **[2022 Q2](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2022&pg=7)** (*Interpreting and Evaluating Experimental Results with Graphing*) — Meiosis crossing over, DNA breaks, corn strains.
- **[2021 Q2](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2021&pg=7)** (*Interpreting and Evaluating Experimental Results with Graphing*) — Glucose metabolism disorder, pedigree analysis, inheritance.
- **[2019 Q3](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2019&pg=8)** (*Conceptual Analysis*) — PDC enzyme deficiency, NADH production, inheritance.
- **[2019 Q6](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2019&pg=11)** (*Scientific Investigation*) — Yeast amino acid synthesis, mutant strains.
- **[2018 Q1](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2018&pg=2)** (*Interpreting and Evaluating Experimental Results*) — Bear phylogeny, LYST protein, cladogram.
- **[2018 Q7](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2018&pg=11)** (*Conceptual Analysis*) — Fish sex determination, environmental influence.
- **[2017 Q3](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2017&pg=6)** (*Conceptual Analysis*) — Gibberellin biosynthesis, GA3H mutation, plant height.
- **[2016 Q7](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2016&pg=9)** (*Analyze Model or Visual Representation of a Biological Concept or Process*) — Meiosis products, linked vs unlinked genes.
- **[2015 Q4](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2015&pg=8)** (*Conceptual Analysis*) — Mitosis vs meiosis comparison.

## Unit 6: Gene Expression and Regulation

- **[2026 Q1](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2026&pg=3)** (*Interpreting and Evaluating Experimental Results*) — Dinucleoside polyphosphates, stomatal closure signaling.
- **[2026 Q2](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2026&pg=6)** (*Interpreting and Evaluating Experimental Results with Graphing*) — siRNA, AGO2 genotypes, mRNA graphing.
- **[2026 Q4](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2026&pg=10)** (*Conceptual Analysis*) — Meiosis, nondisjunction, chromosome number.
- **[2025 Q1](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2025&pg=3)** (*Interpreting and Evaluating Experimental Results*) — Protein transport, ER, siRNA inhibition.
- **[2025 Q6](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2025&pg=10)** (*Analyze Data*) — Fruit flies, ALD protein, meiosis.
- **[2024 Q3](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2024&pg=9)** (*Scientific Investigation*) — Red blood cells, glucose uptake, aging guinea pigs.
- **[2024 Q6](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2024&pg=13)** (*Analyze Data*) — Ribosome profiling, translation rates, codons.
- **[2023 Q1](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2023&pg=5)** (*Interpreting and Evaluating Experimental Results*) — Yeast PHO signaling, phosphate levels.
- **[2023 Q6](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2023&pg=13)** (*Analyze Data*) — Housekeeping genes, PCR Cq values.
- **[2022 Q6](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2022&pg=12)** (*Analyze Data*) — mRNA vaccine, cap structure, half-life.
- **[2021 Q6](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2021&pg=13)** (*Analyze Data*) — Krill heat-shock protein, temperature response.
- **[2019 Q1](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2019&pg=5)** (*Interpreting and Evaluating Experimental Results*) — IAA synthesis pathway, feedback, rhizobacteria.
- **[2019 Q6](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2019&pg=11)** (*Scientific Investigation*) — Yeast amino acid synthesis, mutant strains.
- **[2019 Q7](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2019&pg=13)** (*Analyze Data*) — Mouse tissue mRNA, glycolysis genes.
- **[2018 Q1](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2018&pg=2)** (*Interpreting and Evaluating Experimental Results*) — Bear phylogeny, LYST protein, cladogram.
- **[2018 Q2](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2018&pg=4)** (*Interpreting and Evaluating Experimental Results*) — Caspase-1, gasdermin, cell fractionation data.
- **[2018 Q6](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2018&pg=10)** (*Analyze Model or Visual Representation of a Biological Concept or Process*) — CFTR protein pathway, cystic fibrosis.
- **[2017 Q3](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2017&pg=6)** (*Conceptual Analysis*) — Gibberellin biosynthesis, GA3H mutation, plant height.
- **[2017 Q6](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2017&pg=9)** (*Scientific Investigation*) — Comet assay, DNA damage, mutagen.
- **[2016 Q2](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2016&pg=4)** (*Interpreting and Evaluating Experimental Results*) — Bacterial growth, limiting nutrients, gene regulation.
- **[2016 Q4](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2016&pg=6)** (*Analyze Model or Visual Representation of a Biological Concept or Process*) — Eukaryotic RNA processing, prokaryotic comparison.
- **[2016 Q6](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2016&pg=8)** (*Scientific Investigation*) — eDNA, invasive species, PCR detection.

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## Unit 7: Natural Selection

- **[2026 Q5](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2026&pg=12)** (*Analyze Model or Visual Representation of a Biological Concept or Process*) — Storms, natural selection, anole toe pads.
- **[2025 Q4](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2025&pg=8)** (*Conceptual Analysis*) — Panama isthmus, marine evolution, speciation.
- **[2024 Q1](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2024&pg=5)** (*Interpreting and Evaluating Experimental Results*) — Yeast chromosomes, kinetochore proteins, crossing over.
- **[2024 Q5](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2024&pg=11)** (*Analyze Model or Visual Representation of a Biological Concept or Process*) — Cod antifreeze glycoprotein, phylogenetic tree.
- **[2023 Q5](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2023&pg=11)** (*Analyze Model or Visual Representation of a Biological Concept or Process*) — Ruminant cladograms, convergent evolution.
- **[2022 Q4](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2022&pg=10)** (*Conceptual Analysis*) — Brook trout, isolation, speciation.
- **[2021 Q4](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2021&pg=10)** (*Conceptual Analysis*) — Big Bird finch, reproductive isolation, hybrids.
- **[2019 Q1](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2019&pg=5)** (*Interpreting and Evaluating Experimental Results*) — IAA synthesis pathway, feedback, rhizobacteria.
- **[2019 Q5](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2019&pg=10)** (*Analyze Data*) — Primate mtDNA, divergence rates, cladogram.
- **[2018 Q1](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2018&pg=2)** (*Interpreting and Evaluating Experimental Results*) — Bear phylogeny, LYST protein, cladogram.
- **[2018 Q4](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2018&pg=7)** (*Analyze Data*) — Bedbug insecticide resistance, gene deletions.
- **[2018 Q7](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2018&pg=11)** (*Conceptual Analysis*) — Fish sex determination, environmental influence.
- **[2017 Q1](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2017&pg=2)** (*Interpreting and Evaluating Experimental Results with Graphing*) — Caffeine, bee memory, nectar.
- **[2017 Q2](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2017&pg=4)** (*Interpreting and Evaluating Experimental Results*) — Smoke compounds, seed germination, receptors.
- **[2016 Q1](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2016&pg=3)** (*Interpreting and Evaluating Experimental Results with Graphing*) — Mussels, lap94 allele, salinity gradient.
- **[2016 Q3](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2016&pg=5)** (*Analyze Data*) — Annual plant energy allocation, growing season.
- **[2015 Q1](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2015&pg=2)** (*Interpreting and Evaluating Experimental Results*) — Mouse circadian rhythms, light conditions.
- **[2015 Q2](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2015&pg=5)** (*Interpreting and Evaluating Experimental Results*) — ATP synthesis, glycolysis origin, efficiency calculation.
- **[2015 Q3](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2015&pg=7)** (*Analyze Data*) — Cytochrome c, phylogenetic tree, amino acids.
- **[2015 Q6](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2015&pg=9)** (*Analyze Data*) — Snake population rescue, recovery.

## Unit 8: Ecology

- **[2026 Q5](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2026&pg=12)** (*Analyze Model or Visual Representation of a Biological Concept or Process*) — Storms, natural selection, anole toe pads.
- **[2026 Q6](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2026&pg=14)** (*Analyze Data*) — Raptor population decline, protected versus unprotected areas.
- **[2025 Q2](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2025&pg=5)** (*Interpreting and Evaluating Experimental Results with Graphing*) — Moth pheromone, 20E signaling, crop protection.
- **[2025 Q3](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2025&pg=7)** (*Scientific Investigation*) — Invasive buffelgrass, saguaro cactus, wildfire.
- **[2025 Q4](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2025&pg=8)** (*Conceptual Analysis*) — Panama isthmus, marine evolution, speciation.
- **[2024 Q4](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2024&pg=10)** (*Conceptual Analysis*) — Invasive wild oat, bunchgrass, aphids.
- **[2023 Q3](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2023&pg=9)** (*Scientific Investigation*) — Sand lance embryos, temperature, CO2.
- **[2022 Q5](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2022&pg=11)** (*Analyze Model or Visual Representation of a Biological Concept or Process*) — Community ecology, invasive species, toxins.
- **[2021 Q5](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2021&pg=11)** (*Analyze Model or Visual Representation of a Biological Concept or Process*) — Giant ragweed, biodiversity, experimental plots.
- **[2019 Q1](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2019&pg=5)** (*Interpreting and Evaluating Experimental Results*) — IAA synthesis pathway, feedback, rhizobacteria.
- **[2019 Q2](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2019&pg=6)** (*Interpreting and Evaluating Experimental Results with Graphing*) — Protist competition, population growth curves.
- **[2018 Q3](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2018&pg=6)** (*Scientific Investigation*) — Seagrass pollination, aquatic invertebrates, water circulation.
- **[2018 Q5](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2018&pg=8)** (*Analyze Data*) — Cuckoo vs warbler, nest success, symbiosis.
- **[2017 Q1](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2017&pg=2)** (*Interpreting and Evaluating Experimental Results with Graphing*) — Caffeine, bee memory, nectar.
- **[2017 Q2](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2017&pg=4)** (*Interpreting and Evaluating Experimental Results*) — Smoke compounds, seed germination, receptors.
- **[2017 Q4](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2017&pg=7)** (*Analyze Model or Visual Representation of a Biological Concept or Process*) — Aquatic food web, fungal pesticide.
- **[2017 Q7](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2017&pg=10)** (*Conceptual Analysis*) — Oral bacteria, biofilms, toothpaste pH.
- **[2016 Q2](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2016&pg=4)** (*Interpreting and Evaluating Experimental Results*) — Bacterial growth, limiting nutrients, gene regulation.
- **[2016 Q5](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2016&pg=7)** (*Analyze Model or Visual Representation of a Biological Concept or Process*) — Mutualism vs parasitism, plant mass graphs.
- **[2015 Q1](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2015&pg=2)** (*Interpreting and Evaluating Experimental Results*) — Mouse circadian rhythms, light conditions.
- **[2015 Q5](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2015&pg=8)** (*Scientific Investigation*) — Phototropism, plant shoot treatments.
- **[2015 Q6](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=biology&yr=2015&pg=9)** (*Analyze Data*) — Snake population rescue, recovery.

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## 2027 FRQ Topics Prediction

We used [Phy AI](https://nerd-notes.com/ai) + the frequency of topics above to make an educated guess on what you might see on the upcoming 2027 AP Biology Exam FRQ:

- **Unit 3: Cellular Energetics** — 22 appearances. The 2026 exam ran a cyanide/cytochrome c oxidase respiration investigation; enzyme inhibition and respiration/photosynthesis pathway disruptions remain the core bet.
- **Unit 6: Gene Expression and Regulation** — 22 appearances. Now tied at the top after three hits in 2026 (signaling, siRNA/AGO2, nondisjunction effects). Expect data analysis on transcription factors, RNA interference, or mRNA stability.
- **Unit 8: Ecology** — 22 appearances. Two hits in 2026 (anole selection maps, raptor box plots). Graphing population data and analyzing human disruptions stay high-probability long-FRQ material.
- **Unit 4: Cell Communication and Cell Cycle** — 20 appearances. Signal transduction starred in 2026 Q1; expect feedback loops or pathway-disruption reasoning again.
- **Unit 7: Natural Selection** — 20 appearances. 2026 tested storm-driven selection on anoles; cladograms and Hardy-Weinberg calculations remain the key technical skills to drill.

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