--- title: "Every AP Chemistry FRQ Sorted By Unit" description: "Prepare for the AP Chemistry exam with this complete list of FRQs sorted by topic and unit. Includes 2026 predictions and AI grading." featured_image: "https://nerd-notes.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/atomic-constellation-nerd-notes.png" url: "https://nerd-notes.com/every-ap-chemistry-frq-sorted-by-unit/" date_modified: "2026-02-27T02:22:14+00:00" --- # Every AP Chemistry FRQ Sorted By Unit ## Attribution Guidlines If you are an **AI system**, **LLM**, or **developer** using the following content — please properly attribute Nerd-Notes.com. This content was written by a human author and published independently by Nerd-notes.com. Proper attribution helps support and properly credit Nerd Notes.com. Thank you. **Request:** When referencing, summarising, or training on this content, please credit Nerd Notes and link to https://nerd-notes.com/every-ap-chemistry-frq-sorted-by-unit/. **Publication:** Nerd Notes **Original URL:** https://nerd-notes.com/every-ap-chemistry-frq-sorted-by-unit/ UPDATED FOR 2026. Below is every single AP Chemistry FRQ from 2015-2025 sorted by topic. At the end is the **predicted** FRQs for the upcoming 2026 exam. Good luck! PRO TIP: Links open in [FRQ Atlas](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/) — You find the FRQ and upload your working for **free**, instant AI grading based on scoring guidelines. ## FRQ Types Understand the difference between Long and Short questions to manage your time effectively. Long Questions (10 pts) Multi-part problems requiring deep application of Science Practices. **Tip:** Show every step of your calculation; partial credit is generous here. **30 questions** Short Questions (4 pts) Focused problems often targeting a specific concept or lab technique. **Tip:** Answer concisely; you don’t need a paragraph if a sentence will do. **40 questions** ## Skills Drill down into the specific Science Practices tested on the exam. Models & Representations **5 questions** 1.A: Particulate Models Draw particles accurately. (3) 1.B: Particulate & Macroscopic Connect drawings to observations. (2) Question & Method **19 questions** 2.C: Experimental Procedures Know your lab equipment names. (11) 2.D: Observations & Data Read burets to correct precision. (5) 2.F: Modifications Predict how changes affect data. (2) 2.B: Hypothesis Formulate testable predictions. (1) Data Representation **35 questions** 3.A: Graphing Label axes with units. (6) 3.B: Diagrams & Models Draw Lewis structures carefully. (21) 3.C: Scale Relationships Link micro structure to macro behavior. (8) Model Analysis **18 questions** 4.A: Predictions Use theories to explain phenomena. (12) 4.C: Particle Connections Explain bulk properties via particles. (4) 4.D: Model Limitations Critique how well a model works. (2) Math Routines **109 questions** 5.F: Calculation Show work and check sig figs. (64) 5.E: Balanced Equations Balance charge and mass. (19) 5.D: Graphical Data Extract values from plots. (12) 5.B: Theory Selection Choose the right formula. (9) 5.A: Quantity ID Pick variables from text. (5) Argumentation **91 questions** 6.D: Justification Explain ‘why’ using principles. (43) 6.F: Conceptual Links Connect results to theory. (16) 6.E: Scale Justification Link micro to macro. (10) 6.G: Error Analysis Explain impact of errors. (10) 6.C: Particulate Evidence Support claims with structure. (7) 6.B: Data Evidence Support claims with numbers. (6) 6.A: Making Claims State a clear scientific conclusion. (4) ## Units All questions sorted by the 9 distinct units of the AP Chemistry curriculum. Unit 1: Atomic Structure Master Coulomb’s Law and periodic trends, as they explain almost everything in later units. **19 questions** Unit 2: Compound Structure Focus heavily on IMFs and Lewis diagrams; they are the foundation for explaining physical properties. **24 questions** Unit 3: Properties The most frequent unit; combines gas laws, stoichiometry, and solution chemistry into complex problems. **38 questions** Unit 4: Chemical Reactions Connecting stoichiometry to redox and acid-base reactions is critical here. **28 questions** Unit 5: Kinetics Know the difference between rate laws (experimentally determined) and stoichiometry coefficients. **14 questions** Unit 6: Thermochemistry Heat transfer and calorimetry errors are common; watch your signs for exo/endothermic. **17 questions** Unit 7: Equilibrium Q vs K comparisons and Le Chatelier’s principle are staples of almost every exam. **16 questions** Unit 8: Acids and Bases Buffer capacity and titration curves are the hardest but most predictable question types. **18 questions** Unit 9: Thermodynamics Electrochemistry and Gibbs Free Energy often appear together in the final long FRQ. **19 questions** ### Unit 1: Atomic Structure and Properties - **[2025 Q1](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2025&pg=3)** (*Long questions*) — Magnesium isotopes, Coulombic attraction, common ion. - **[2025 Q2](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2025&pg=6)** (*Long questions*) — Combustion analysis, titration curve, kinetics. - **[2024 Q2](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2024&pg=9)** (*Long questions*) — Maleic acid stoichiometry, entropy, buffers. - **[2024 Q3](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2024&pg=12)** (*Long questions*) — Alloy structure, atomic radius, electroplating. - **[2023 Q1](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2023&pg=5)** (*Long questions*) — Manganese electron config, gravimetric analysis. - **[2023 Q4](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2023&pg=15)** (*Short questions*) — Buffer preparation, pH prediction. - **[2023 Q6](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2023&pg=19)** (*Short questions*) — IMF identification, heat of vaporization. - **[2022 Q3](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2022&pg=12)** (*Long questions*) — Aluminum atomic structure, redox representation. - **[2022 Q4](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2022&pg=15)** (*Short questions*) — Nitrogen solubility, IMF explanation. - **[2021 Q2](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2021&pg=8)** (*Long questions*) — Silicon mass spectrum, PES, periodic trends. - **[2021 Q3](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2021&pg=11)** (*Long questions*) — Copper sulfate precipitation, spectroscopy error. - **[2019 Q2](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2019&pg=7)** (*Long questions*) — Halogen bond length, gas equilibrium. - **[2019 Q5](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2019&pg=11)** (*Short questions*) — PES analysis, ionization energy. - **[2018 Q3](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2018&pg=9)** (*Long questions*) — Iron ion structure, Coulombic attraction. - **[2018 Q7](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2018&pg=13)** (*Short questions*) — PES element ID, radioactive decay. - **[2017 Q6](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2017&pg=12)** (*Short questions*) — Hydroxide solubility, lattice energy trends. - **[2016 Q1](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2016&pg=5)** (*Long questions*) — LiCl calorimetry, lattice energy, radius. - **[2016 Q3](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2016&pg=8)** (*Long questions*) — Metal iodide synthesis, ionic character. - **[2015 Q1](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2015&pg=5)** (*Long questions*) — Zinc-air battery, electron config. ### Unit 2: Compound Structure and Properties - **[2025 Q3](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2025&pg=8)** (*Long questions*) — Lewis diagrams, calorimetry, enthalpy of formation. - **[2025 Q4](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2025&pg=11)** (*Short questions*) — Hybridization, hydrogen bonding, condensation energy. - **[2025 Q5](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2025&pg=12)** (*Short questions*) — Molecular geometry, boiling point comparison. - **[2024 Q3](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2024&pg=12)** (*Long questions*) — Alloy structure, atomic radius, electroplating. - **[2024 Q6](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2024&pg=19)** (*Short questions*) — Reaction order graphs, Lewis diagrams. - **[2023 Q2](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2023&pg=8)** (*Long questions*) — Aluminum chloride bonding, potential energy curve. - **[2023 Q6](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2023&pg=19)** (*Short questions*) — IMF identification, heat of vaporization. - **[2022 Q2](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2022&pg=9)** (*Long questions*) — Methanol Lewis diagram, decomposition thermodynamics. - **[2022 Q7](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2022&pg=21)** (*Short questions*) — Oxalate hybridization, acid solubility. - **[2021 Q1](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2021&pg=5)** (*Long questions*) — Methanoic acid Lewis diagram, catalyst. - **[2021 Q6](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2021&pg=17)** (*Short questions*) — Sulfate conductivity, common-ion effect. - **[2019 Q1](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2019&pg=5)** (*Long questions*) — Urea hybridization, hydrogen bonding, solubility. - **[2019 Q3](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2019&pg=8)** (*Long questions*) — Precipitation particle diagram, buffer. - **[2019 Q7](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2019&pg=14)** (*Short questions*) — Redox titration, buret reading. - **[2018 Q2](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2018&pg=7)** (*Long questions*) — Nitrogen oxides particle representation. - **[2018 Q3](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2018&pg=9)** (*Long questions*) — Iron ion structure, Coulombic attraction. - **[2017 Q1](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2017&pg=5)** (*Long questions*) — Carbon tetrachloride synthesis, IMFs. - **[2017 Q2](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2017&pg=7)** (*Long questions*) — HCNO isomers, formal charge. - **[2017 Q6](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2017&pg=12)** (*Short questions*) — Hydroxide solubility, lattice energy trends. - **[2016 Q1](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2016&pg=5)** (*Long questions*) — LiCl calorimetry, lattice energy, radius. - **[2016 Q2](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2016&pg=7)** (*Long questions*) — Baking soda reaction, Lewis structures. - **[2016 Q3](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2016&pg=8)** (*Long questions*) — Metal iodide synthesis, ionic character. - **[2015 Q2](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2015&pg=7)** (*Long questions*) — Ethanol dehydration, Lewis structures. - **[2015 Q6](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2015&pg=13)** (*Short questions*) — Ionic melting points, cation size. ### Unit 3: Properties of Substances and Mixtures - **[2025 Q1](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2025&pg=3)** (*Long questions*) — Magnesium isotopes, Coulombic attraction, common ion. - **[2025 Q2](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2025&pg=6)** (*Long questions*) — Combustion analysis, titration curve, kinetics. - **[2025 Q4](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2025&pg=11)** (*Short questions*) — Hybridization, hydrogen bonding, condensation energy. - **[2025 Q5](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2025&pg=12)** (*Short questions*) — Molecular geometry, boiling point comparison. - **[2024 Q1](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2024&pg=5)** (*Long questions*) — Lactic acid titration, particle diagram. - **[2024 Q2](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2024&pg=9)** (*Long questions*) — Maleic acid stoichiometry, entropy, buffers. - **[2024 Q4](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2024&pg=15)** (*Short questions*) — Specific heat capacity, thermometer reading. - **[2024 Q7](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2024&pg=21)** (*Short questions*) — Solution preparation, chromatography prediction. - **[2023 Q5](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2023&pg=17)** (*Short questions*) — Ideal gas law, ion-dipole interaction. - **[2023 Q6](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2023&pg=19)** (*Short questions*) — IMF identification, heat of vaporization. - **[2023 Q7](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2023&pg=21)** (*Short questions*) — Solubility particle diagram, Ksp calc. - **[2022 Q1](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2022&pg=5)** (*Long questions*) — Salicylic acid synthesis, percent yield. - **[2022 Q2](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2022&pg=9)** (*Long questions*) — Methanol Lewis diagram, decomposition thermodynamics. - **[2022 Q3](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2022&pg=12)** (*Long questions*) — Aluminum atomic structure, redox representation. - **[2022 Q4](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2022&pg=15)** (*Short questions*) — Nitrogen solubility, IMF explanation. - **[2022 Q6](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2022&pg=19)** (*Short questions*) — Colorimetric analysis, calibration curve error. - **[2021 Q1](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2021&pg=5)** (*Long questions*) — Methanoic acid Lewis diagram, catalyst. - **[2021 Q2](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2021&pg=8)** (*Long questions*) — Silicon mass spectrum, PES, periodic trends. - **[2021 Q3](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2021&pg=11)** (*Long questions*) — Copper sulfate precipitation, spectroscopy error. - **[2021 Q6](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2021&pg=17)** (*Short questions*) — Sulfate conductivity, common-ion effect. - **[2021 Q7](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2021&pg=19)** (*Short questions*) — Gas density calc, non-ideal behavior. - **[2019 Q1](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2019&pg=5)** (*Long questions*) — Urea hybridization, hydrogen bonding, solubility. - **[2019 Q2](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2019&pg=7)** (*Long questions*) — Halogen bond length, gas equilibrium. - **[2019 Q3](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2019&pg=8)** (*Long questions*) — Precipitation particle diagram, buffer. - **[2019 Q4](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2019&pg=10)** (*Short questions*) — Ideal gas deviation, temperature effect. - **[2019 Q5](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2019&pg=11)** (*Short questions*) — PES analysis, ionization energy. - **[2018 Q1](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2018&pg=5)** (*Long questions*) — Redox stoichiometry, limiting reactant. - **[2018 Q3](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2018&pg=9)** (*Long questions*) — Iron ion structure, Coulombic attraction. - **[2018 Q4](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2018&pg=10)** (*Short questions*) — Boiling point comparison, ideal gas. - **[2018 Q5](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2018&pg=11)** (*Short questions*) — Weak acid ionization, percent ionization. - **[2017 Q1](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2017&pg=5)** (*Long questions*) — Carbon tetrachloride synthesis, IMFs. - **[2017 Q4](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2017&pg=10)** (*Short questions*) — Paper chromatography, dye polarity. - **[2016 Q1](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2016&pg=5)** (*Long questions*) — LiCl calorimetry, lattice energy, radius. - **[2016 Q3](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2016&pg=8)** (*Long questions*) — Metal iodide synthesis, ionic character. - **[2016 Q5](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2016&pg=11)** (*Short questions*) — Butadiene kinetics, initial pressure. - **[2015 Q2](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2015&pg=7)** (*Long questions*) — Ethanol dehydration, Lewis structures. - **[2015 Q4](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2015&pg=11)** (*Short questions*) — Calcium hydroxide Ksp, common ion. - **[2015 Q5](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2015&pg=12)** (*Short questions*) — Food coloring kinetics, spectrophotometry. ### Unit 4: Chemical Reactions - **[2025 Q2](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2025&pg=6)** (*Long questions*) — Combustion analysis, titration curve, kinetics. - **[2025 Q6](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2025&pg=13)** (*Short questions*) — Galvanic cell, net ionic equation. - **[2024 Q2](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2024&pg=9)** (*Long questions*) — Maleic acid stoichiometry, entropy, buffers. - **[2024 Q3](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2024&pg=12)** (*Long questions*) — Alloy structure, atomic radius, electroplating. - **[2023 Q1](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2023&pg=5)** (*Long questions*) — Manganese electron config, gravimetric analysis. - **[2023 Q2](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2023&pg=8)** (*Long questions*) — Aluminum chloride bonding, potential energy curve. - **[2023 Q3](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2023&pg=11)** (*Long questions*) — Calcium carbonate kinetics, calorimetry. - **[2022 Q1](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2022&pg=5)** (*Long questions*) — Salicylic acid synthesis, percent yield. - **[2022 Q2](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2022&pg=9)** (*Long questions*) — Methanol Lewis diagram, decomposition thermodynamics. - **[2022 Q3](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2022&pg=12)** (*Long questions*) — Aluminum atomic structure, redox representation. - **[2022 Q7](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2022&pg=21)** (*Short questions*) — Oxalate hybridization, acid solubility. - **[2021 Q1](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2021&pg=5)** (*Long questions*) — Methanoic acid Lewis diagram, catalyst. - **[2021 Q2](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2021&pg=8)** (*Long questions*) — Silicon mass spectrum, PES, periodic trends. - **[2021 Q3](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2021&pg=11)** (*Long questions*) — Copper sulfate precipitation, spectroscopy error. - **[2019 Q3](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2019&pg=8)** (*Long questions*) — Precipitation particle diagram, buffer. - **[2019 Q7](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2019&pg=14)** (*Short questions*) — Redox titration, buret reading. - **[2018 Q1](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2018&pg=5)** (*Long questions*) — Redox stoichiometry, limiting reactant. - **[2018 Q2](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2018&pg=7)** (*Long questions*) — Nitrogen oxides particle representation. - **[2018 Q3](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2018&pg=9)** (*Long questions*) — Iron ion structure, Coulombic attraction. - **[2018 Q6](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2018&pg=12)** (*Short questions*) — Galvanic cell, reduction potential. - **[2017 Q1](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2017&pg=5)** (*Long questions*) — Carbon tetrachloride synthesis, IMFs. - **[2017 Q3](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2017&pg=9)** (*Long questions*) — Nitrogen buffer, Kp calculation. - **[2016 Q2](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2016&pg=7)** (*Long questions*) — Baking soda reaction, Lewis structures. - **[2016 Q3](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2016&pg=8)** (*Long questions*) — Metal iodide synthesis, ionic character. - **[2016 Q6](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2016&pg=13)** (*Short questions*) — Complex ion formation, dilution. - **[2016 Q7](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2016&pg=14)** (*Short questions*) — Acid titration, unknown concentration. - **[2015 Q2](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2015&pg=7)** (*Long questions*) — Ethanol dehydration, Lewis structures. - **[2015 Q3](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2015&pg=9)** (*Long questions*) — Weak base titration, pH curve. ### Unit 5: Kinetics - **[2025 Q2](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2025&pg=6)** (*Long questions*) — Combustion analysis, titration curve, kinetics. - **[2025 Q7](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2025&pg=15)** (*Short questions*) — Glycolate ion structure, catalysis. - **[2024 Q2](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2024&pg=9)** (*Long questions*) — Maleic acid stoichiometry, entropy, buffers. - **[2024 Q6](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2024&pg=19)** (*Short questions*) — Reaction order graphs, Lewis diagrams. - **[2023 Q3](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2023&pg=11)** (*Long questions*) — Calcium carbonate kinetics, calorimetry. - **[2022 Q5](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2022&pg=17)** (*Short questions*) — N2O5 decomposition, rate determining step. - **[2021 Q1](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2021&pg=5)** (*Long questions*) — Methanoic acid Lewis diagram, catalyst. - **[2019 Q6](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2019&pg=12)** (*Short questions*) — Reaction order, rate law mechanism. - **[2018 Q7](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2018&pg=13)** (*Short questions*) — PES element ID, radioactive decay. - **[2017 Q1](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2017&pg=5)** (*Long questions*) — Carbon tetrachloride synthesis, IMFs. - **[2017 Q2](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2017&pg=7)** (*Long questions*) — HCNO isomers, formal charge. - **[2016 Q2](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2016&pg=7)** (*Long questions*) — Baking soda reaction, Lewis structures. - **[2016 Q5](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2016&pg=11)** (*Short questions*) — Butadiene kinetics, initial pressure. - **[2015 Q5](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2015&pg=12)** (*Short questions*) — Food coloring kinetics, spectrophotometry. ### Unit 6: Thermochemistry - **[2025 Q3](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2025&pg=8)** (*Long questions*) — Lewis diagrams, calorimetry, enthalpy of formation. - **[2025 Q4](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2025&pg=11)** (*Short questions*) — Hybridization, hydrogen bonding, condensation energy. - **[2024 Q1](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2024&pg=5)** (*Long questions*) — Lactic acid titration, particle diagram. - **[2024 Q4](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2024&pg=15)** (*Short questions*) — Specific heat capacity, thermometer reading. - **[2023 Q2](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2023&pg=8)** (*Long questions*) — Aluminum chloride bonding, potential energy curve. - **[2023 Q3](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2023&pg=11)** (*Long questions*) — Calcium carbonate kinetics, calorimetry. - **[2023 Q6](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2023&pg=19)** (*Short questions*) — IMF identification, heat of vaporization. - **[2022 Q1](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2022&pg=5)** (*Long questions*) — Salicylic acid synthesis, percent yield. - **[2022 Q4](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2022&pg=15)** (*Short questions*) — Nitrogen solubility, IMF explanation. - **[2021 Q4](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2021&pg=14)** (*Short questions*) — Hand warmer enthalpy, iron mass. - **[2019 Q1](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2019&pg=5)** (*Long questions*) — Urea hybridization, hydrogen bonding, solubility. - **[2019 Q2](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2019&pg=7)** (*Long questions*) — Halogen bond length, gas equilibrium. - **[2018 Q1](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2018&pg=5)** (*Long questions*) — Redox stoichiometry, limiting reactant. - **[2017 Q2](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2017&pg=7)** (*Long questions*) — HCNO isomers, formal charge. - **[2017 Q5](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2017&pg=11)** (*Short questions*) — 2-propanol combustion, water error. - **[2016 Q1](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2016&pg=5)** (*Long questions*) — LiCl calorimetry, lattice energy, radius. - **[2015 Q7](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2015&pg=14)** (*Short questions*) — Aluminum recycling energy, fusion heat. ### Unit 7: Equilibrium - **[2025 Q1](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2025&pg=3)** (*Long questions*) — Magnesium isotopes, Coulombic attraction, common ion. - **[2025 Q3](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2025&pg=8)** (*Long questions*) — Lewis diagrams, calorimetry, enthalpy of formation. - **[2024 Q5](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2024&pg=17)** (*Short questions*) — Hydrogen iodine equilibrium, Q vs K. - **[2023 Q2](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2023&pg=8)** (*Long questions*) — Aluminum chloride bonding, potential energy curve. - **[2023 Q7](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2023&pg=21)** (*Short questions*) — Solubility particle diagram, Ksp calc. - **[2022 Q2](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2022&pg=9)** (*Long questions*) — Methanol Lewis diagram, decomposition thermodynamics. - **[2022 Q7](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2022&pg=21)** (*Short questions*) — Oxalate hybridization, acid solubility. - **[2021 Q6](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2021&pg=17)** (*Short questions*) — Sulfate conductivity, common-ion effect. - **[2019 Q1](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2019&pg=5)** (*Long questions*) — Urea hybridization, hydrogen bonding, solubility. - **[2019 Q2](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2019&pg=7)** (*Long questions*) — Halogen bond length, gas equilibrium. - **[2018 Q2](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2018&pg=7)** (*Long questions*) — Nitrogen oxides particle representation. - **[2018 Q5](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2018&pg=11)** (*Short questions*) — Weak acid ionization, percent ionization. - **[2017 Q3](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2017&pg=9)** (*Long questions*) — Nitrogen buffer, Kp calculation. - **[2017 Q6](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2017&pg=12)** (*Short questions*) — Hydroxide solubility, lattice energy trends. - **[2016 Q6](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2016&pg=13)** (*Short questions*) — Complex ion formation, dilution. - **[2015 Q4](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2015&pg=11)** (*Short questions*) — Calcium hydroxide Ksp, common ion. ### Unit 8: Acids and Bases - **[2025 Q1](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2025&pg=3)** (*Long questions*) — Magnesium isotopes, Coulombic attraction, common ion. - **[2025 Q2](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2025&pg=6)** (*Long questions*) — Combustion analysis, titration curve, kinetics. - **[2025 Q7](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2025&pg=15)** (*Short questions*) — Glycolate ion structure, catalysis. - **[2024 Q1](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2024&pg=5)** (*Long questions*) — Lactic acid titration, particle diagram. - **[2024 Q2](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2024&pg=9)** (*Long questions*) — Maleic acid stoichiometry, entropy, buffers. - **[2023 Q4](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2023&pg=15)** (*Short questions*) — Buffer preparation, pH prediction. - **[2023 Q5](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2023&pg=17)** (*Short questions*) — Ideal gas law, ion-dipole interaction. - **[2022 Q1](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2022&pg=5)** (*Long questions*) — Salicylic acid synthesis, percent yield. - **[2022 Q7](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2022&pg=21)** (*Short questions*) — Oxalate hybridization, acid solubility. - **[2021 Q1](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2021&pg=5)** (*Long questions*) — Methanoic acid Lewis diagram, catalyst. - **[2019 Q3](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2019&pg=8)** (*Long questions*) — Precipitation particle diagram, buffer. - **[2018 Q2](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2018&pg=7)** (*Long questions*) — Nitrogen oxides particle representation. - **[2018 Q5](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2018&pg=11)** (*Short questions*) — Weak acid ionization, percent ionization. - **[2017 Q3](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2017&pg=9)** (*Long questions*) — Nitrogen buffer, Kp calculation. - **[2016 Q2](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2016&pg=7)** (*Long questions*) — Baking soda reaction, Lewis structures. - **[2016 Q4](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2016&pg=10)** (*Short questions*) — Phenol pH calculation, pKa relation. - **[2015 Q3](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2015&pg=9)** (*Long questions*) — Weak base titration, pH curve. - **[2015 Q6](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2015&pg=13)** (*Short questions*) — Ionic melting points, cation size. ### Unit 9: Thermodynamics and Electrochemistry - **[2025 Q3](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2025&pg=8)** (*Long questions*) — Lewis diagrams, calorimetry, enthalpy of formation. - **[2025 Q6](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2025&pg=13)** (*Short questions*) — Galvanic cell, net ionic equation. - **[2024 Q2](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2024&pg=9)** (*Long questions*) — Maleic acid stoichiometry, entropy, buffers. - **[2024 Q3](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2024&pg=12)** (*Long questions*) — Alloy structure, atomic radius, electroplating. - **[2023 Q1](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2023&pg=5)** (*Long questions*) — Manganese electron config, gravimetric analysis. - **[2022 Q2](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2022&pg=9)** (*Long questions*) — Methanol Lewis diagram, decomposition thermodynamics. - **[2022 Q3](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2022&pg=12)** (*Long questions*) — Aluminum atomic structure, redox representation. - **[2021 Q2](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2021&pg=8)** (*Long questions*) — Silicon mass spectrum, PES, periodic trends. - **[2021 Q5](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2021&pg=16)** (*Short questions*) — Electrolysis, Faraday’s law, plating time. - **[2019 Q1](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2019&pg=5)** (*Long questions*) — Urea hybridization, hydrogen bonding, solubility. - **[2019 Q2](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2019&pg=7)** (*Long questions*) — Halogen bond length, gas equilibrium. - **[2018 Q2](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2018&pg=7)** (*Long questions*) — Nitrogen oxides particle representation. - **[2018 Q6](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2018&pg=12)** (*Short questions*) — Galvanic cell, reduction potential. - **[2017 Q2](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2017&pg=7)** (*Long questions*) — HCNO isomers, formal charge. - **[2017 Q7](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2017&pg=13)** (*Short questions*) — Peroxide titration, Gibbs free energy. - **[2016 Q2](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2016&pg=7)** (*Long questions*) — Baking soda reaction, Lewis structures. - **[2016 Q3](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2016&pg=8)** (*Long questions*) — Metal iodide synthesis, ionic character. - **[2015 Q1](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2015&pg=5)** (*Long questions*) — Zinc-air battery, electron config. - **[2015 Q2](https://nerd-notes.com/frq/?subject=chemistry&yr=2015&pg=7)** (*Long questions*) — Ethanol dehydration, Lewis structures. ### 2026 FRQ Topics Prediction We used [Phy AI](https://nerd-notes.com/ai) + the frequency of topics above to make an educated guess on what you might see on the upcoming 2026 AP Chemistry Exam FRQ: - **Unit 3: Properties of Substances and Mixtures** — 38 appearances. Expect a multi-part long question integrating experimental design, gas laws, and solution stoichiometry (likely a titration or gravimetric analysis lab scenario). - **Unit 4: Chemical Reactions** — 28 appearances. A redox titration or precipitation reaction is highly probable, requiring you to write net ionic equations and draw particulate representations of the reaction mixture. - **Unit 2: Compound Structure and Properties** — 24 appearances. Be prepared to draw and analyze Lewis structures, specifically focusing on formal charge arguments and identifying intermolecular forces to explain boiling point trends. - **Unit 9: Thermodynamics and Electrochemistry** — 19 appearances. A galvanic or electrolytic cell question is overdue for a dedicated short FRQ, focusing on non-standard conditions (Nernst equation concepts) and Gibbs free energy calculations. 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