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Pro Tip – Draw an FBD to visualize the all forces and lever arms acting on the ladder. Note that you can split either the forces or the lever arm into components as long as the two are are perpendicular to each other.
| Step | Derivation/Formula | Reasoning |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | [katex] h = L \sin(\theta) [/katex] | Calculate the height [katex] h [/katex] of the ladder against the wall using the sine function where [katex] \theta [/katex] is the angle with the ground. |
| 2 | [katex] h = 5 \sin(60^\circ) = 5 \times \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} \approx 4.33 \, \text{m} [/katex] | The angle [katex] \theta [/katex] is given as [katex] 60^\circ [/katex]. The [katex] \sin(60^\circ) = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} [/katex]. |
| 3 | [katex] w_{\text{lad}} = mg [/katex] [katex] w_{\text{lad}} = 20 \times 9.8 = 196 \, \text{N} [/katex] |
Calculate the weight of the ladder using its mass [katex] m [/katex] and gravitational acceleration [katex] g [/katex]. |
| 4 | [katex] w_{\text{person}} = m_{\text{person}}g [/katex] [katex] w_{\text{person}} = 80 \times 9.8 = 784 \, \text{N} [/katex] |
Calculate the weight of the person using the person’s mass [katex] m_{\text{person}} [/katex] and gravitational acceleration [katex] g [/katex]. |
| 5 | [katex] \text{Moment at the bottom} = \text{Moment at the top} [/katex] | The torque or moment due to the person and the ladder about the point where the bottom of the ladder contacts the ground must be balanced by the force exerted by the wall. |
| 6 | [katex] F_{\text{wall}} \times h = w_{\text{lad}} \times \frac{L}{2} \cos(\theta) + w_{\text{person}} \times d \cos(\theta) [/katex] | The moment (or torque) at the top due to the force from the wall [katex] F_{\text{wall}} [/katex] must counterbalance the moments generated by the weight of the ladder and person. [katex] L [/katex] is the ladder length, [katex] d [/katex] is the distance where the person stands from the bottom. |
| 7 | [katex] F_{\text{wall}} \times 4.33 = 196 \times \frac{5}{2} \times \frac{1}{2} + 784 \times 4 \times \frac{1}{2} [/katex] | Substitute values for [katex] L = 5 \, \text{m}, d = 4 \, \text{m}, \cos(60^\circ) = \frac{1}{2}, h \approx 4.33 \, \text{m} [/katex]. |
| 8 | [katex] F_{\text{wall}} \times 4.33 = 98 \times 2.5 + 784 \times 2 [/katex] | Simplification of the equation to compute the force exerted by the wall. |
| 9 | [katex] F_{\text{wall}} \times 4.33 = 245 + 1568 [/katex] | Total moments at the top due to the weight of both the ladder and person. |
| 10 | [katex] F_{\text{wall}} \times 4.33 = 1813 [/katex] | Add the moments for the final calculation. |
| 11 | [katex] F_{\text{wall}} = \frac{1813}{4.33} \approx 418.71 \, \text{N} [/katex] | Calculate the force exerted by the wall by dividing the total moment by the height [katex] h [/katex]. |
| 12 | [katex] F_{\text{wall}} \approx 419 \, \text{N} [/katex] | Finding the final value and rounding off to the nearest whole number, providing the force in Newtons. |
Just ask: "Help me solve this problem."
A horizontal uniform rod of length L and mass M is pivoted at one end and is initially at rest. A small ball of mass M (same masses) is attached to the other end of the rod. The system is released from rest. What is the angular acceleration of the rod just immediately after the system is released?
A uniform ladder with mass \( m_2 \) and length \( L \) rests against a smooth wall. A do-it-yourself enthusiast of mass \( m_1 \) stands on the ladder a distance \( d \) from the bottom (measured along the ladder). The ladder makes an angle \( \theta \) with the ground. There is no friction between the wall and the ladder, but there is a frictional force of magnitude \( f \) between the floor and the ladder. \( N_1 \) is the magnitude of the normal force exerted by the wall on the ladder, and \( N_2 \) is the magnitude of the normal force exerted by the ground on the ladder. Throughout the problem, consider counterclockwise torques to be positive.
A rotating, rigid body makes 10 complete revolutions in 10 seconds. What is its average angular velocity?
The angular velocity of a rotating disk of radius 20 cm increases from 1 rad/s to 3 rad/s in 0.5 s. What is the linear tangential acceleration of a point on the rim of the disk during this time interval?
A meter stick with a uniformly distributed mass of 0.5 kg is supported by a pivot placed at the 0.25 m mark from the left. At the left end, a small object of mass 1.0 kg is placed at the zero mark, and a second small object of mass 0.5 kg is placed at the 0.5 m mark. The meter stick is supported so that it remains horizontal, and then it is released from rest. Find the change in the angular momentum of the meter stick, one second after it is released,.
419 N
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| Kinematics | Forces |
|---|---|
| \(\Delta x = v_i t + \frac{1}{2} at^2\) | \(F = ma\) |
| \(v = v_i + at\) | \(F_g = \frac{G m_1 m_2}{r^2}\) |
| \(v^2 = v_i^2 + 2a \Delta x\) | \(f = \mu N\) |
| \(\Delta x = \frac{v_i + v}{2} t\) | \(F_s =-kx\) |
| \(v^2 = v_f^2 \,-\, 2a \Delta x\) |
| Circular Motion | Energy |
|---|---|
| \(F_c = \frac{mv^2}{r}\) | \(KE = \frac{1}{2} mv^2\) |
| \(a_c = \frac{v^2}{r}\) | \(PE = mgh\) |
| \(T = 2\pi \sqrt{\frac{r}{g}}\) | \(KE_i + PE_i = KE_f + PE_f\) |
| \(W = Fd \cos\theta\) |
| Momentum | Torque and Rotations |
|---|---|
| \(p = mv\) | \(\tau = r \cdot F \cdot \sin(\theta)\) |
| \(J = \Delta p\) | \(I = \sum mr^2\) |
| \(p_i = p_f\) | \(L = I \cdot \omega\) |
| Simple Harmonic Motion | Fluids |
|---|---|
| \(F = -kx\) | \(P = \frac{F}{A}\) |
| \(T = 2\pi \sqrt{\frac{l}{g}}\) | \(P_{\text{total}} = P_{\text{atm}} + \rho gh\) |
| \(T = 2\pi \sqrt{\frac{m}{k}}\) | \(Q = Av\) |
| \(x(t) = A \cos(\omega t + \phi)\) | \(F_b = \rho V g\) |
| \(a = -\omega^2 x\) | \(A_1v_1 = A_2v_2\) |
| Constant | Description |
|---|---|
| [katex]g[/katex] | Acceleration due to gravity, typically [katex]9.8 , \text{m/s}^2[/katex] on Earth’s surface |
| [katex]G[/katex] | Universal Gravitational Constant, [katex]6.674 \times 10^{-11} , \text{N} \cdot \text{m}^2/\text{kg}^2[/katex] |
| [katex]\mu_k[/katex] and [katex]\mu_s[/katex] | Coefficients of kinetic ([katex]\mu_k[/katex]) and static ([katex]\mu_s[/katex]) friction, dimensionless. Static friction ([katex]\mu_s[/katex]) is usually greater than kinetic friction ([katex]\mu_k[/katex]) as it resists the start of motion. |
| [katex]k[/katex] | Spring constant, in [katex]\text{N/m}[/katex] |
| [katex] M_E = 5.972 \times 10^{24} , \text{kg} [/katex] | Mass of the Earth |
| [katex] M_M = 7.348 \times 10^{22} , \text{kg} [/katex] | Mass of the Moon |
| [katex] M_M = 1.989 \times 10^{30} , \text{kg} [/katex] | Mass of the Sun |
| Variable | SI Unit |
|---|---|
| [katex]s[/katex] (Displacement) | [katex]\text{meters (m)}[/katex] |
| [katex]v[/katex] (Velocity) | [katex]\text{meters per second (m/s)}[/katex] |
| [katex]a[/katex] (Acceleration) | [katex]\text{meters per second squared (m/s}^2\text{)}[/katex] |
| [katex]t[/katex] (Time) | [katex]\text{seconds (s)}[/katex] |
| [katex]m[/katex] (Mass) | [katex]\text{kilograms (kg)}[/katex] |
| Variable | Derived SI Unit |
|---|---|
| [katex]F[/katex] (Force) | [katex]\text{newtons (N)}[/katex] |
| [katex]E[/katex], [katex]PE[/katex], [katex]KE[/katex] (Energy, Potential Energy, Kinetic Energy) | [katex]\text{joules (J)}[/katex] |
| [katex]P[/katex] (Power) | [katex]\text{watts (W)}[/katex] |
| [katex]p[/katex] (Momentum) | [katex]\text{kilogram meters per second (kgm/s)}[/katex] |
| [katex]\omega[/katex] (Angular Velocity) | [katex]\text{radians per second (rad/s)}[/katex] |
| [katex]\tau[/katex] (Torque) | [katex]\text{newton meters (Nm)}[/katex] |
| [katex]I[/katex] (Moment of Inertia) | [katex]\text{kilogram meter squared (kgm}^2\text{)}[/katex] |
| [katex]f[/katex] (Frequency) | [katex]\text{hertz (Hz)}[/katex] |
General Metric Conversion Chart
Example of using unit analysis: Convert 5 kilometers to millimeters.
Start with the given measurement: [katex]\text{5 km}[/katex]
Use the conversion factors for kilometers to meters and meters to millimeters: [katex]\text{5 km} \times \frac{10^3 \, \text{m}}{1 \, \text{km}} \times \frac{10^3 \, \text{mm}}{1 \, \text{m}}[/katex]
Perform the multiplication: [katex]\text{5 km} \times \frac{10^3 \, \text{m}}{1 \, \text{km}} \times \frac{10^3 \, \text{mm}}{1 \, \text{m}} = 5 \times 10^3 \times 10^3 \, \text{mm}[/katex]
Simplify to get the final answer: [katex]\boxed{5 \times 10^6 \, \text{mm}}[/katex]
Prefix | Symbol | Power of Ten | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|---|
Pico- | p | [katex]10^{-12}[/katex] | |
Nano- | n | [katex]10^{-9}[/katex] | |
Micro- | µ | [katex]10^{-6}[/katex] | |
Milli- | m | [katex]10^{-3}[/katex] | |
Centi- | c | [katex]10^{-2}[/katex] | |
Deci- | d | [katex]10^{-1}[/katex] | |
(Base unit) | – | [katex]10^{0}[/katex] | |
Deca- or Deka- | da | [katex]10^{1}[/katex] | |
Hecto- | h | [katex]10^{2}[/katex] | |
Kilo- | k | [katex]10^{3}[/katex] | |
Mega- | M | [katex]10^{6}[/katex] | |
Giga- | G | [katex]10^{9}[/katex] | |
Tera- | T | [katex]10^{12}[/katex] |
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