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| Step | Derivation/Formula | Reasoning |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | \( v_i = 40 \, \text{m/s} \) | Initial velocity of the car before the driver reacts to the red light. |
| 2 | \( t_{\text{reaction}} = 0.9 \, \text{s} \) | Time taken for the driver to react and hit the brakes. |
| 3 | \( v_x = 40 \, \text{m/s} \) | Car continues to travel with initial velocity during the reaction time. |
| 4 | \( \Delta x_{\text{reaction}} = v_i \cdot t_{\text{reaction}} \) | Distance traveled during the driver’s reaction time. |
| 5 | \( \Delta x_{\text{reaction}} = 40 \, \text{m/s} \times 0.9 \, \text{s} \) | Substituting the values for initial velocity and reaction time. |
| 6 | \( \Delta x_{\text{reaction}} = 36 \, \text{m} \) | Calculate the distance traveled during the reaction time. |
| 7 | \( a = -3.5 \, \text{m/s}^2 \) | Determine the acceleration (deceleration) after the driver hits the brakes. |
| 8 | \( v_f = 0 \, \text{m/s} \) | Final velocity of the car when it comes to a stop. |
| 9 | \( v_f^2 = v_i^2 + 2a \Delta x_{\text{braking}} \) | Using the kinematic equation to solve for the braking distance \( \Delta x_{\text{braking}} \). |
| 10 | \( 0 = (40 \, \text{m/s})^2 + 2(-3.5 \, \text{m/s}^2) \Delta x_{\text{braking}} \) | Substitute the values of initial velocity, acceleration, and final velocity into the kinematic equation. |
| 11 | \( 0 = 1600 \, \text{m}^2/\text{s}^2 – 7 \, \text{m/s}^2 \Delta x_{\text{braking}} \) | Simplify the equation by performing the multiplications and adding/subtracting. |
| 12 | \( 7 \, \text{m/s}^2 \Delta x_{\text{braking}} = 1600 \, \text{m}^2/\text{s}^2 \) | Rearrange the equation to isolate \( \Delta x_{\text{braking}} \). |
| 13 | \( \Delta x_{\text{braking}} = \frac{1600 \, \text{m}^2/\text{s}^2}{7 \, \text{m/s}^2} \) | Divide both sides by the coefficient of \( \Delta x_{\text{braking}} \). |
| 14 | \( \Delta x_{\text{braking}} = 228.57 \, \text{m} \) | Calculate the braking distance. |
| 15 | \( \Delta x_{\text{total}} = \Delta x_{\text{reaction}} + \Delta x_{\text{braking}} \) | Total distance traveled is the sum of the reaction distance and the braking distance. |
| 16 | \( \Delta x_{\text{total}} = 36 \, \text{m} + 228.57 \, \text{m} \) | Substitute the values into the total distance equation. |
| 17 | \( \Delta x_{\text{total}} = 264.57 \, \text{m} \) | Final distance traveled by the car before coming to a complete stop. |
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A body moving in the positive \( x \) direction passes the origin at time \( t = 0 \). Between \( t = 0 \) and \( t = 1 \, \text{second} \), the body has a constant speed of \( 24 \, \text{m/s} \). At \( t = 1 \, \text{second} \), the body is given a constant acceleration of \( 6 \, \text{m/s}^2 \) in the negative \( x \) direction. The position \( x \) of the body at \( t = 11 \, \text{seconds} \) is
A car increases its forward velocity uniformly from \(40 ~ \text{m/s}\) to \(80 ~ \text{m/s}\) while traveling a distance of \(200 ~ \text{m}\). What is its acceleration during this time?
A 1100 kg car accelerates from 32 m/s to 8.0 m/s in 4.0 sec. What amount of force was needed to slow it down?
A car decelerates from \( 25 \, \text{m/s} \) to \( 5 \, \text{m/s} \) at \( 10 \, \text{m/s}^2 \). How far does the car travel during this deceleration?
Why is the stopping distance of a truck much shorter than for a train going the same speed? Hint: try deriving a formula or stopping distance.
Which of the following graphs represent an object at rest?
A helicopter is ascending vertically with a speed of \( 5.40 \) \( \text{m/s} \). At a height of \( 105 \) \( \text{m} \) above the Earth, a package is dropped from the helicopter. How much time does it take for the package to reach the ground?
Runner A begins a \( 100 \)-meter race at time \( t = 0 \) and runs at a constant speed of \( 6.0 \) \( \text{m/s} \). Runner B starts the same race \( 3 \) seconds later but runs at \( 9.0 \) \( \text{m/s} \).
\( \Delta x_{\text{total}} = 264.57 \, \text{m} \)
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| Kinematics | Forces |
|---|---|
| \(\Delta x = v_i t + \frac{1}{2} at^2\) | \(F = ma\) |
| \(v = v_i + at\) | \(F_g = \frac{G m_1 m_2}{r^2}\) |
| \(v^2 = v_i^2 + 2a \Delta x\) | \(f = \mu N\) |
| \(\Delta x = \frac{v_i + v}{2} t\) | \(F_s =-kx\) |
| \(v^2 = v_f^2 \,-\, 2a \Delta x\) |
| Circular Motion | Energy |
|---|---|
| \(F_c = \frac{mv^2}{r}\) | \(KE = \frac{1}{2} mv^2\) |
| \(a_c = \frac{v^2}{r}\) | \(PE = mgh\) |
| \(T = 2\pi \sqrt{\frac{r}{g}}\) | \(KE_i + PE_i = KE_f + PE_f\) |
| \(W = Fd \cos\theta\) |
| Momentum | Torque and Rotations |
|---|---|
| \(p = mv\) | \(\tau = r \cdot F \cdot \sin(\theta)\) |
| \(J = \Delta p\) | \(I = \sum mr^2\) |
| \(p_i = p_f\) | \(L = I \cdot \omega\) |
| Simple Harmonic Motion | Fluids |
|---|---|
| \(F = -kx\) | \(P = \frac{F}{A}\) |
| \(T = 2\pi \sqrt{\frac{l}{g}}\) | \(P_{\text{total}} = P_{\text{atm}} + \rho gh\) |
| \(T = 2\pi \sqrt{\frac{m}{k}}\) | \(Q = Av\) |
| \(x(t) = A \cos(\omega t + \phi)\) | \(F_b = \rho V g\) |
| \(a = -\omega^2 x\) | \(A_1v_1 = A_2v_2\) |
| Constant | Description |
|---|---|
| [katex]g[/katex] | Acceleration due to gravity, typically [katex]9.8 , \text{m/s}^2[/katex] on Earth’s surface |
| [katex]G[/katex] | Universal Gravitational Constant, [katex]6.674 \times 10^{-11} , \text{N} \cdot \text{m}^2/\text{kg}^2[/katex] |
| [katex]\mu_k[/katex] and [katex]\mu_s[/katex] | Coefficients of kinetic ([katex]\mu_k[/katex]) and static ([katex]\mu_s[/katex]) friction, dimensionless. Static friction ([katex]\mu_s[/katex]) is usually greater than kinetic friction ([katex]\mu_k[/katex]) as it resists the start of motion. |
| [katex]k[/katex] | Spring constant, in [katex]\text{N/m}[/katex] |
| [katex] M_E = 5.972 \times 10^{24} , \text{kg} [/katex] | Mass of the Earth |
| [katex] M_M = 7.348 \times 10^{22} , \text{kg} [/katex] | Mass of the Moon |
| [katex] M_M = 1.989 \times 10^{30} , \text{kg} [/katex] | Mass of the Sun |
| Variable | SI Unit |
|---|---|
| [katex]s[/katex] (Displacement) | [katex]\text{meters (m)}[/katex] |
| [katex]v[/katex] (Velocity) | [katex]\text{meters per second (m/s)}[/katex] |
| [katex]a[/katex] (Acceleration) | [katex]\text{meters per second squared (m/s}^2\text{)}[/katex] |
| [katex]t[/katex] (Time) | [katex]\text{seconds (s)}[/katex] |
| [katex]m[/katex] (Mass) | [katex]\text{kilograms (kg)}[/katex] |
| Variable | Derived SI Unit |
|---|---|
| [katex]F[/katex] (Force) | [katex]\text{newtons (N)}[/katex] |
| [katex]E[/katex], [katex]PE[/katex], [katex]KE[/katex] (Energy, Potential Energy, Kinetic Energy) | [katex]\text{joules (J)}[/katex] |
| [katex]P[/katex] (Power) | [katex]\text{watts (W)}[/katex] |
| [katex]p[/katex] (Momentum) | [katex]\text{kilogram meters per second (kgm/s)}[/katex] |
| [katex]\omega[/katex] (Angular Velocity) | [katex]\text{radians per second (rad/s)}[/katex] |
| [katex]\tau[/katex] (Torque) | [katex]\text{newton meters (Nm)}[/katex] |
| [katex]I[/katex] (Moment of Inertia) | [katex]\text{kilogram meter squared (kgm}^2\text{)}[/katex] |
| [katex]f[/katex] (Frequency) | [katex]\text{hertz (Hz)}[/katex] |
Metric Prefixes
Example of using unit analysis: Convert 5 kilometers to millimeters.
Start with the given measurement: [katex]\text{5 km}[/katex]
Use the conversion factors for kilometers to meters and meters to millimeters: [katex]\text{5 km} \times \frac{10^3 \, \text{m}}{1 \, \text{km}} \times \frac{10^3 \, \text{mm}}{1 \, \text{m}}[/katex]
Perform the multiplication: [katex]\text{5 km} \times \frac{10^3 \, \text{m}}{1 \, \text{km}} \times \frac{10^3 \, \text{mm}}{1 \, \text{m}} = 5 \times 10^3 \times 10^3 \, \text{mm}[/katex]
Simplify to get the final answer: [katex]\boxed{5 \times 10^6 \, \text{mm}}[/katex]
Prefix | Symbol | Power of Ten | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|---|
Pico- | p | [katex]10^{-12}[/katex] | |
Nano- | n | [katex]10^{-9}[/katex] | |
Micro- | µ | [katex]10^{-6}[/katex] | |
Milli- | m | [katex]10^{-3}[/katex] | |
Centi- | c | [katex]10^{-2}[/katex] | |
Deci- | d | [katex]10^{-1}[/katex] | |
(Base unit) | – | [katex]10^{0}[/katex] | |
Deca- or Deka- | da | [katex]10^{1}[/katex] | |
Hecto- | h | [katex]10^{2}[/katex] | |
Kilo- | k | [katex]10^{3}[/katex] | |
Mega- | M | [katex]10^{6}[/katex] | |
Giga- | G | [katex]10^{9}[/katex] | |
Tera- | T | [katex]10^{12}[/katex] |
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