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| Step | Derivation/Formula | Reasoning |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | \[\Delta x = \frac{1}{2} a t^2\] | Use constant–acceleration kinematics with initial velocity \(v_i = 0\). |
| 2 | \[a = \frac{2\Delta x}{t^2}\] | Algebraically isolate \(a\). |
| 3 | \[a = \frac{2(10)}{(4.5)^2} = 0.99\,\text{m/s}^2\] | Insert \(\Delta x = 10\,\text{m}\) and \(t = 4.5\,\text{s}\) to find \(a \approx 0.99\,\text{m/s}^2\). |
| 4 | \[F_{1x}=100\cos20^\circ,\;F_{2x}=-400\cos40^\circ,\;F_{3x}=500\cos10^\circ\] | Resolve each force into horizontal components; left is negative, right positive. |
| 5 | \[F_{1x}=93.97\,\text{N},\;F_{2x}=-306.6\,\text{N},\;F_{3x}=492.4\,\text{N}\] | Evaluate the trigonometric products. |
| 6 | \[F_{x,\text{applied}} = 279.8\,\text{N}\] | Sum \(F_{1x}+F_{2x}+F_{3x}\) to get the net applied horizontal force. |
| 7 | \[F_{1y}=+100\sin20^\circ,\;F_{2y}=-400\sin40^\circ,\;F_{3y}=-500\sin10^\circ\] | Resolve forces into vertical components; upward is positive. |
| 8 | \[F_{1y}=+34.2\,\text{N},\;F_{2y}=-257.1\,\text{N},\;F_{3y}=-86.8\,\text{N}\] | Compute the numeric values. |
| 9 | \[F_{y,\text{applied}} = -309.7\,\text{N}\] | Add the vertical components to find a downward net external load of \(309.7\,\text{N}\). |
| 10 | \[N = mg + 309.7\,\text{N}\] | Vertical equilibrium requires \(N + F_{1y} = mg + |F_{2y}| + |F_{3y}|\); simplify to this expression for the normal force. |
| 11 | \[f_k = \mu_k N = 0.2\,(mg + 309.7)\] | Kinetic friction opposes motion with magnitude \(\mu_k N\). |
| 12 | \[F_{\text{net}} = F_{x,\text{applied}} – f_k\] | Net horizontal force equals applied force minus friction (leftward). |
| 13 | \[ma = 279.8 – 0.2(mg + 309.7)\] | Apply Newton’s second law \(\sum F_x = ma\). |
| 14 | \[m(a + 1.96) = 217.8\] | Use \(g = 9.8\,\text{m/s}^2\) and simplify: \(0.2g = 1.96\,\text{N/kg}\). |
| 15 | \[m = \frac{217.8}{a + 1.96}\] | Isolate the unknown mass. |
| 16 | \[m = \frac{217.8}{0.99 + 1.96} = 73.9\,\text{kg}\] | Insert \(a \approx 0.99\,\text{m/s}^2\) to calculate \(m\). |
| 17 | \[\boxed{m \approx 7.4 \times 10^{1}\,\text{kg}}\] | Express the mass to two significant figures. |
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Which of these scenarios involve accelerated motion? (Select all that apply)
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A ball is tossed directly upward. Its total time in the air is \( T \). Its maximum height is \( H \). What is its height after it has been in the air a time \( T/4 \)? Air resistance is negligible.
Priscilla the Penguin stands at the edge of a rock ledge and tosses a small ice cube directly upward with an initial velocity of \( v_0 \). The ice cube’s initial height above the ground is \( 3.25 \, \text{m} \), and it reaches its maximum height above the ground \( 0.586 \, \text{s} \) after being thrown. The ice cube then plummets to the ground, missing the edge of the rock ledge on its way down.
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A skydiver reaches a terminal velocity of \(55.0\, \mathrm{m/s}\). At terminal velocity, the skydiver no longer accelerates. The mass of the skydiver and her equipment is \(87.0\, \mathrm{kg}\). What is the force of friction acting on her?
Will Clark throws a baseball with a horizontal component of velocity of \(25 \, \text{m/s}\). It takes \(3 \, \text{s}\) to come back to its original height. Calculate the baseball’s:
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\(74\,\text{kg}\)
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| Kinematics | Forces |
|---|---|
| \(\Delta x = v_i t + \frac{1}{2} at^2\) | \(F = ma\) |
| \(v = v_i + at\) | \(F_g = \frac{G m_1 m_2}{r^2}\) |
| \(v^2 = v_i^2 + 2a \Delta x\) | \(f = \mu N\) |
| \(\Delta x = \frac{v_i + v}{2} t\) | \(F_s =-kx\) |
| \(v^2 = v_f^2 \,-\, 2a \Delta x\) |
| Circular Motion | Energy |
|---|---|
| \(F_c = \frac{mv^2}{r}\) | \(KE = \frac{1}{2} mv^2\) |
| \(a_c = \frac{v^2}{r}\) | \(PE = mgh\) |
| \(T = 2\pi \sqrt{\frac{r}{g}}\) | \(KE_i + PE_i = KE_f + PE_f\) |
| \(W = Fd \cos\theta\) |
| Momentum | Torque and Rotations |
|---|---|
| \(p = mv\) | \(\tau = r \cdot F \cdot \sin(\theta)\) |
| \(J = \Delta p\) | \(I = \sum mr^2\) |
| \(p_i = p_f\) | \(L = I \cdot \omega\) |
| Simple Harmonic Motion | Fluids |
|---|---|
| \(F = -kx\) | \(P = \frac{F}{A}\) |
| \(T = 2\pi \sqrt{\frac{l}{g}}\) | \(P_{\text{total}} = P_{\text{atm}} + \rho gh\) |
| \(T = 2\pi \sqrt{\frac{m}{k}}\) | \(Q = Av\) |
| \(x(t) = A \cos(\omega t + \phi)\) | \(F_b = \rho V g\) |
| \(a = -\omega^2 x\) | \(A_1v_1 = A_2v_2\) |
| Constant | Description |
|---|---|
| [katex]g[/katex] | Acceleration due to gravity, typically [katex]9.8 , \text{m/s}^2[/katex] on Earth’s surface |
| [katex]G[/katex] | Universal Gravitational Constant, [katex]6.674 \times 10^{-11} , \text{N} \cdot \text{m}^2/\text{kg}^2[/katex] |
| [katex]\mu_k[/katex] and [katex]\mu_s[/katex] | Coefficients of kinetic ([katex]\mu_k[/katex]) and static ([katex]\mu_s[/katex]) friction, dimensionless. Static friction ([katex]\mu_s[/katex]) is usually greater than kinetic friction ([katex]\mu_k[/katex]) as it resists the start of motion. |
| [katex]k[/katex] | Spring constant, in [katex]\text{N/m}[/katex] |
| [katex] M_E = 5.972 \times 10^{24} , \text{kg} [/katex] | Mass of the Earth |
| [katex] M_M = 7.348 \times 10^{22} , \text{kg} [/katex] | Mass of the Moon |
| [katex] M_M = 1.989 \times 10^{30} , \text{kg} [/katex] | Mass of the Sun |
| Variable | SI Unit |
|---|---|
| [katex]s[/katex] (Displacement) | [katex]\text{meters (m)}[/katex] |
| [katex]v[/katex] (Velocity) | [katex]\text{meters per second (m/s)}[/katex] |
| [katex]a[/katex] (Acceleration) | [katex]\text{meters per second squared (m/s}^2\text{)}[/katex] |
| [katex]t[/katex] (Time) | [katex]\text{seconds (s)}[/katex] |
| [katex]m[/katex] (Mass) | [katex]\text{kilograms (kg)}[/katex] |
| Variable | Derived SI Unit |
|---|---|
| [katex]F[/katex] (Force) | [katex]\text{newtons (N)}[/katex] |
| [katex]E[/katex], [katex]PE[/katex], [katex]KE[/katex] (Energy, Potential Energy, Kinetic Energy) | [katex]\text{joules (J)}[/katex] |
| [katex]P[/katex] (Power) | [katex]\text{watts (W)}[/katex] |
| [katex]p[/katex] (Momentum) | [katex]\text{kilogram meters per second (kgm/s)}[/katex] |
| [katex]\omega[/katex] (Angular Velocity) | [katex]\text{radians per second (rad/s)}[/katex] |
| [katex]\tau[/katex] (Torque) | [katex]\text{newton meters (Nm)}[/katex] |
| [katex]I[/katex] (Moment of Inertia) | [katex]\text{kilogram meter squared (kgm}^2\text{)}[/katex] |
| [katex]f[/katex] (Frequency) | [katex]\text{hertz (Hz)}[/katex] |
Metric Prefixes
Example of using unit analysis: Convert 5 kilometers to millimeters.
Start with the given measurement: [katex]\text{5 km}[/katex]
Use the conversion factors for kilometers to meters and meters to millimeters: [katex]\text{5 km} \times \frac{10^3 \, \text{m}}{1 \, \text{km}} \times \frac{10^3 \, \text{mm}}{1 \, \text{m}}[/katex]
Perform the multiplication: [katex]\text{5 km} \times \frac{10^3 \, \text{m}}{1 \, \text{km}} \times \frac{10^3 \, \text{mm}}{1 \, \text{m}} = 5 \times 10^3 \times 10^3 \, \text{mm}[/katex]
Simplify to get the final answer: [katex]\boxed{5 \times 10^6 \, \text{mm}}[/katex]
Prefix | Symbol | Power of Ten | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|---|
Pico- | p | [katex]10^{-12}[/katex] | |
Nano- | n | [katex]10^{-9}[/katex] | |
Micro- | µ | [katex]10^{-6}[/katex] | |
Milli- | m | [katex]10^{-3}[/katex] | |
Centi- | c | [katex]10^{-2}[/katex] | |
Deci- | d | [katex]10^{-1}[/katex] | |
(Base unit) | – | [katex]10^{0}[/katex] | |
Deca- or Deka- | da | [katex]10^{1}[/katex] | |
Hecto- | h | [katex]10^{2}[/katex] | |
Kilo- | k | [katex]10^{3}[/katex] | |
Mega- | M | [katex]10^{6}[/katex] | |
Giga- | G | [katex]10^{9}[/katex] | |
Tera- | T | [katex]10^{12}[/katex] |
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