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| Step | Derivation/Formula | Reasoning |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | \[h_A = 15.0 \, \text{m}\] | The height of water above faucet A is given as 15.0 meters. |
| 2 | \[P_{gA} = \rho g h_A\] | The gauge pressure at a depth is calculated using the formula, where \(\rho\) is the density of water \(\approx 1000 \, \text{kg/m}^3\), and \(g\) is the acceleration due to gravity \( \approx 9.81 \, \text{m/s}^2 \). |
| 3 | \[P_{gA} = (1000)(9.81)(15)\] | Substitute the known values into the gauge pressure equation. |
| 4 | \[P_{gA} = 147150 \, \text{Pa}\] | Calculate the gauge pressure at faucet A. |
| Step | Derivation/Formula | Reasoning |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | \[h_B = 15.0 – 7.30 \, \text{m}\] | Calculate the height of water above faucet B, given as 7.30 meters below the reservoir base. |
| 2 | \[h_B = 7.70 \, \text{m}\] | Find the effective height of water above faucet B. |
| 3 | \[P_{gB} = \rho g h_B\] | The gauge pressure at faucet B is calculated using the effective height \(h_B\). |
| 4 | \[P_{gB} = (1000)(9.81)(7.70)\] | Substitute the known values into the gauge pressure equation for B. |
| 5 | \[P_{gB} = 75537 \, \text{Pa}\] | Calculate the gauge pressure at faucet B. |
| Step | Derivation/Formula | Reasoning |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | \[r = \frac{1.20}{2} \, \text{cm} = 0.006 \, \text{m}\] | Convert the diameter of the faucet to meters and find the radius. |
| 2 | \[A = \pi r^2 = \pi (0.006)^2\] | Calculate the cross-sectional area of the faucet. |
| 3 | \[A \approx 1.131 \times 10^{-4} \, \text{m}^2\] | Evaluate the area of the faucet. |
| 4 | \[v = \sqrt{\frac{2P_{gA}}{\rho}}\] | Calculate the velocity of water flowing out, using Bernoulli’s principle where \(P_{gA}\) is the gauge pressure at faucet A. |
| 5 | \[v = \sqrt{\frac{2(147150)}{1000}}\] | Substitute the gauge pressure and density of water to find velocity. |
| 6 | \[v \approx 17.14 \, \text{m/s}\] | Calculate the velocity of water at the faucet. |
| 7 | \[Q = A \times v = 1.131 \times 10^{-4} \times 17.14\] | Find the flow rate \(Q\) using the area and the velocity. |
| 8 | \[Q \approx 0.00194 \, \text{m}^3/\text{s}\] | Evaluate the flow rate of water through the faucet. |
| 9 | \[V_{container} = 5.00 \times 3.785 \times 10^{-3} \, \text{m}^3\] | Convert 5 gallons to cubic meters using the conversion \(1\, \text{gallon} = 3.785 \times 10^{-3} \, \text{m}^3\). |
| 10 | \[V_{container} = 0.01893 \, \text{m}^3\] | Calculate the volume of the container in cubic meters. |
| 11 | \[t = \frac{V_{container}}{Q} = \frac{0.01893}{0.00194}\] | Determine the time to fill the container by dividing the volume of water by the flow rate. |
| 12 | \[t \approx 9.76 \, \text{s}\] | Calculate the time required to fill the container with water. |
Just ask: "Help me solve this problem."
A block of weight \( W \) is floating in water, and one-third of the block is above the surface of the water. Which of the following correctly describes the magnitude \( F \) of the force that the block exerts on the water and explains why \( F \) has that value?
The figure shows a horizontal pipe with sections with different cross-sectional areas. Small tubes extend from the top of each section. The cross-sectional area of the pipe at location C is half that at A, and the areas at A and D are the same. Water flows in the pipe from left to right. Which of the following correctly ranks the height \( h \) of the water in the tubes above the labeled locations?
Suppose we wish to make a neutrally buoyant hollow sphere out of titanium (\(\rho = 4500 \text{kg/m}^3\)). If the sphere has an outer radius of \( 1.5 \) \( \text{m} \), what must be its inner radius?
Water flowing in a horizontal pipe speeds up as it goes from a section with a large diameter to a section with a small diameter. Which of the following can explain why the speed of the water increases?
A beaker weighing \( 2.0 \) \( \text{N} \) is filled with \( 5.0 \times 10^{-3} \) \( \text{m}^3 \) of water. A rubber ball weighing \( 3.0 \) \( \text{N} \) is held entirely underwater by a massless string attached to the bottom of the beaker, as represented in the figure above. The tension in the string is \( 4.0 \) \( \text{N} \). The water fills the beaker to a depth of \( 0.20 \) \( \text{m} \). Water has a density of \( 1000 \) \( \text{kg/m}^3 \). The effects of atmospheric pressure may be neglected.
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| Kinematics | Forces |
|---|---|
| \(\Delta x = v_i t + \frac{1}{2} at^2\) | \(F = ma\) |
| \(v = v_i + at\) | \(F_g = \frac{G m_1 m_2}{r^2}\) |
| \(v^2 = v_i^2 + 2a \Delta x\) | \(f = \mu N\) |
| \(\Delta x = \frac{v_i + v}{2} t\) | \(F_s =-kx\) |
| \(v^2 = v_f^2 \,-\, 2a \Delta x\) |
| Circular Motion | Energy |
|---|---|
| \(F_c = \frac{mv^2}{r}\) | \(KE = \frac{1}{2} mv^2\) |
| \(a_c = \frac{v^2}{r}\) | \(PE = mgh\) |
| \(T = 2\pi \sqrt{\frac{r}{g}}\) | \(KE_i + PE_i = KE_f + PE_f\) |
| \(W = Fd \cos\theta\) |
| Momentum | Torque and Rotations |
|---|---|
| \(p = mv\) | \(\tau = r \cdot F \cdot \sin(\theta)\) |
| \(J = \Delta p\) | \(I = \sum mr^2\) |
| \(p_i = p_f\) | \(L = I \cdot \omega\) |
| Simple Harmonic Motion | Fluids |
|---|---|
| \(F = -kx\) | \(P = \frac{F}{A}\) |
| \(T = 2\pi \sqrt{\frac{l}{g}}\) | \(P_{\text{total}} = P_{\text{atm}} + \rho gh\) |
| \(T = 2\pi \sqrt{\frac{m}{k}}\) | \(Q = Av\) |
| \(x(t) = A \cos(\omega t + \phi)\) | \(F_b = \rho V g\) |
| \(a = -\omega^2 x\) | \(A_1v_1 = A_2v_2\) |
| Constant | Description |
|---|---|
| [katex]g[/katex] | Acceleration due to gravity, typically [katex]9.8 , \text{m/s}^2[/katex] on Earth’s surface |
| [katex]G[/katex] | Universal Gravitational Constant, [katex]6.674 \times 10^{-11} , \text{N} \cdot \text{m}^2/\text{kg}^2[/katex] |
| [katex]\mu_k[/katex] and [katex]\mu_s[/katex] | Coefficients of kinetic ([katex]\mu_k[/katex]) and static ([katex]\mu_s[/katex]) friction, dimensionless. Static friction ([katex]\mu_s[/katex]) is usually greater than kinetic friction ([katex]\mu_k[/katex]) as it resists the start of motion. |
| [katex]k[/katex] | Spring constant, in [katex]\text{N/m}[/katex] |
| [katex] M_E = 5.972 \times 10^{24} , \text{kg} [/katex] | Mass of the Earth |
| [katex] M_M = 7.348 \times 10^{22} , \text{kg} [/katex] | Mass of the Moon |
| [katex] M_M = 1.989 \times 10^{30} , \text{kg} [/katex] | Mass of the Sun |
| Variable | SI Unit |
|---|---|
| [katex]s[/katex] (Displacement) | [katex]\text{meters (m)}[/katex] |
| [katex]v[/katex] (Velocity) | [katex]\text{meters per second (m/s)}[/katex] |
| [katex]a[/katex] (Acceleration) | [katex]\text{meters per second squared (m/s}^2\text{)}[/katex] |
| [katex]t[/katex] (Time) | [katex]\text{seconds (s)}[/katex] |
| [katex]m[/katex] (Mass) | [katex]\text{kilograms (kg)}[/katex] |
| Variable | Derived SI Unit |
|---|---|
| [katex]F[/katex] (Force) | [katex]\text{newtons (N)}[/katex] |
| [katex]E[/katex], [katex]PE[/katex], [katex]KE[/katex] (Energy, Potential Energy, Kinetic Energy) | [katex]\text{joules (J)}[/katex] |
| [katex]P[/katex] (Power) | [katex]\text{watts (W)}[/katex] |
| [katex]p[/katex] (Momentum) | [katex]\text{kilogram meters per second (kgm/s)}[/katex] |
| [katex]\omega[/katex] (Angular Velocity) | [katex]\text{radians per second (rad/s)}[/katex] |
| [katex]\tau[/katex] (Torque) | [katex]\text{newton meters (Nm)}[/katex] |
| [katex]I[/katex] (Moment of Inertia) | [katex]\text{kilogram meter squared (kgm}^2\text{)}[/katex] |
| [katex]f[/katex] (Frequency) | [katex]\text{hertz (Hz)}[/katex] |
General Metric Conversion Chart
Example of using unit analysis: Convert 5 kilometers to millimeters.
Start with the given measurement: [katex]\text{5 km}[/katex]
Use the conversion factors for kilometers to meters and meters to millimeters: [katex]\text{5 km} \times \frac{10^3 \, \text{m}}{1 \, \text{km}} \times \frac{10^3 \, \text{mm}}{1 \, \text{m}}[/katex]
Perform the multiplication: [katex]\text{5 km} \times \frac{10^3 \, \text{m}}{1 \, \text{km}} \times \frac{10^3 \, \text{mm}}{1 \, \text{m}} = 5 \times 10^3 \times 10^3 \, \text{mm}[/katex]
Simplify to get the final answer: [katex]\boxed{5 \times 10^6 \, \text{mm}}[/katex]
Prefix | Symbol | Power of Ten | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|---|
Pico- | p | [katex]10^{-12}[/katex] | |
Nano- | n | [katex]10^{-9}[/katex] | |
Micro- | µ | [katex]10^{-6}[/katex] | |
Milli- | m | [katex]10^{-3}[/katex] | |
Centi- | c | [katex]10^{-2}[/katex] | |
Deci- | d | [katex]10^{-1}[/katex] | |
(Base unit) | – | [katex]10^{0}[/katex] | |
Deca- or Deka- | da | [katex]10^{1}[/katex] | |
Hecto- | h | [katex]10^{2}[/katex] | |
Kilo- | k | [katex]10^{3}[/katex] | |
Mega- | M | [katex]10^{6}[/katex] | |
Giga- | G | [katex]10^{9}[/katex] | |
Tera- | T | [katex]10^{12}[/katex] |
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