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| Step | Derivation/Formula | Reasoning |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | \[v_x = v\cos\theta,\qquad v_{y_i} = v\sin\theta\] | Resolve the launch speed \(v=12\,\text{m/s}\) at angle \(\theta=35^\circ\) into horizontal and vertical components. |
| 2 | \[t = \frac{\Delta x}{v\cos\theta}\] | Horizontal motion is uniform, so time equals horizontal distance divided by constant horizontal speed. |
| 3 | \[\Delta y = y_{\text{hoop}} – y_{\text{release}} = 3.05 – 2.40 = 0.65\,\text{m}\] | The vertical displacement is the hoop height minus the release height. |
| 4 | \[\Delta y = v_{y_i}t – \tfrac{1}{2}gt^2\] | Vertical motion under constant acceleration due to gravity. |
| 5 | \[0.65 = (v\sin\theta)\Big(\tfrac{\Delta x}{v\cos\theta}\Big) – \tfrac{1}{2}g\Big(\tfrac{\Delta x}{v\cos\theta}\Big)^2\] | Substitute time from Step 2 and vertical velocity from Step 1 into the vertical displacement equation. |
| 6 | \[0.65 = \Delta x\tan\theta – \frac{g\,\Delta x^2}{2v^2\cos^2\theta}\] | Simplify the equation using \(\tan\theta = \frac{\sin\theta}{\cos\theta}\). |
| 7 | \[-\tfrac{g}{2v^2\cos^2\theta}\,\Delta x^2 + \tan\theta\,\Delta x – 0.65 = 0\] | Rearrange into standard quadratic form. |
| 8 | \[A = -\tfrac{g}{2v^2\cos^2\theta} \approx -0.0507\] | Coefficient of \(\Delta x^2\). |
| 9 | \[B = \tan\theta \approx 0.700\] | Coefficient of \(\Delta x\). |
| 10 | \[C = -0.65\] | Constant term from the vertical displacement difference. |
| 11 | \[\Delta = B^2 – 4AC \approx 0.358\] | Discriminant is positive, so there are two real intersection points with the hoop height. |
| 12 | \[\Delta x = \frac{-B \pm \sqrt{\Delta}}{2A}\] | Quadratic formula to solve for horizontal distance. |
| 13 | \[\Delta x_1 \approx 1.00\,\text{m},\quad \Delta x_2 \approx 12.8\,\text{m}\] | Two solutions: one on the upward path, one on the downward path. |
| 14 | \[\boxed{\Delta x \approx 12.8\,\text{m}}\] | The descending solution is the realistic shot distance from the player to the hoop. |
Just ask: "Help me solve this problem."
In archery, should the arrow be aimed directly at the target? How should your angle of aim depend on the distance to the target? Explain without using equations.
In a lab experiment, a ball is rolled down a ramp so that it leaves the edge of the table with a horizontal velocity [katex]v[/katex]. Assume there are no frictional forces. If the table has a height [katex]h[/katex] above the ground, how far away from the edge of the table, a distance [katex]x[/katex], does the ball land?
A batter hits a fly ball which leaves the bat \( 0.90 \) \( \text{m} \) above the ground at an angle of \( 61^\circ \) with an initial speed of \( 28 \) \( \text{m/s} \) heading toward centerfield. Ignore air resistance.
A golfer hits a shot to a green that is elevated \(2.80 \, \text{m}\) above the point where the ball is struck. The ball leaves the club at a speed of \(18.9 \, \text{m/s}\) at an angle of \(52.0^\circ\) above the horizontal. It rises to its maximum height and then falls down to the green. Ignoring air resistance, find the speed of the ball just before it lands.
In the absence of air resistance, a projectile is launched from and returns to ground level and has a range of \( 23 \, \text{m} \). Suppose the launch speed is doubled, and the projectile is fired at the same angle above the ground. What is the new range?
\(\Delta x \approx 12.8\,\text{m}\)
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| Kinematics | Forces |
|---|---|
| \(\Delta x = v_i t + \frac{1}{2} at^2\) | \(F = ma\) |
| \(v = v_i + at\) | \(F_g = \frac{G m_1 m_2}{r^2}\) |
| \(v^2 = v_i^2 + 2a \Delta x\) | \(f = \mu N\) |
| \(\Delta x = \frac{v_i + v}{2} t\) | \(F_s =-kx\) |
| \(v^2 = v_f^2 \,-\, 2a \Delta x\) |
| Circular Motion | Energy |
|---|---|
| \(F_c = \frac{mv^2}{r}\) | \(KE = \frac{1}{2} mv^2\) |
| \(a_c = \frac{v^2}{r}\) | \(PE = mgh\) |
| \(T = 2\pi \sqrt{\frac{r}{g}}\) | \(KE_i + PE_i = KE_f + PE_f\) |
| \(W = Fd \cos\theta\) |
| Momentum | Torque and Rotations |
|---|---|
| \(p = mv\) | \(\tau = r \cdot F \cdot \sin(\theta)\) |
| \(J = \Delta p\) | \(I = \sum mr^2\) |
| \(p_i = p_f\) | \(L = I \cdot \omega\) |
| Simple Harmonic Motion | Fluids |
|---|---|
| \(F = -kx\) | \(P = \frac{F}{A}\) |
| \(T = 2\pi \sqrt{\frac{l}{g}}\) | \(P_{\text{total}} = P_{\text{atm}} + \rho gh\) |
| \(T = 2\pi \sqrt{\frac{m}{k}}\) | \(Q = Av\) |
| \(x(t) = A \cos(\omega t + \phi)\) | \(F_b = \rho V g\) |
| \(a = -\omega^2 x\) | \(A_1v_1 = A_2v_2\) |
| Constant | Description |
|---|---|
| [katex]g[/katex] | Acceleration due to gravity, typically [katex]9.8 , \text{m/s}^2[/katex] on Earth’s surface |
| [katex]G[/katex] | Universal Gravitational Constant, [katex]6.674 \times 10^{-11} , \text{N} \cdot \text{m}^2/\text{kg}^2[/katex] |
| [katex]\mu_k[/katex] and [katex]\mu_s[/katex] | Coefficients of kinetic ([katex]\mu_k[/katex]) and static ([katex]\mu_s[/katex]) friction, dimensionless. Static friction ([katex]\mu_s[/katex]) is usually greater than kinetic friction ([katex]\mu_k[/katex]) as it resists the start of motion. |
| [katex]k[/katex] | Spring constant, in [katex]\text{N/m}[/katex] |
| [katex] M_E = 5.972 \times 10^{24} , \text{kg} [/katex] | Mass of the Earth |
| [katex] M_M = 7.348 \times 10^{22} , \text{kg} [/katex] | Mass of the Moon |
| [katex] M_M = 1.989 \times 10^{30} , \text{kg} [/katex] | Mass of the Sun |
| Variable | SI Unit |
|---|---|
| [katex]s[/katex] (Displacement) | [katex]\text{meters (m)}[/katex] |
| [katex]v[/katex] (Velocity) | [katex]\text{meters per second (m/s)}[/katex] |
| [katex]a[/katex] (Acceleration) | [katex]\text{meters per second squared (m/s}^2\text{)}[/katex] |
| [katex]t[/katex] (Time) | [katex]\text{seconds (s)}[/katex] |
| [katex]m[/katex] (Mass) | [katex]\text{kilograms (kg)}[/katex] |
| Variable | Derived SI Unit |
|---|---|
| [katex]F[/katex] (Force) | [katex]\text{newtons (N)}[/katex] |
| [katex]E[/katex], [katex]PE[/katex], [katex]KE[/katex] (Energy, Potential Energy, Kinetic Energy) | [katex]\text{joules (J)}[/katex] |
| [katex]P[/katex] (Power) | [katex]\text{watts (W)}[/katex] |
| [katex]p[/katex] (Momentum) | [katex]\text{kilogram meters per second (kgm/s)}[/katex] |
| [katex]\omega[/katex] (Angular Velocity) | [katex]\text{radians per second (rad/s)}[/katex] |
| [katex]\tau[/katex] (Torque) | [katex]\text{newton meters (Nm)}[/katex] |
| [katex]I[/katex] (Moment of Inertia) | [katex]\text{kilogram meter squared (kgm}^2\text{)}[/katex] |
| [katex]f[/katex] (Frequency) | [katex]\text{hertz (Hz)}[/katex] |
General Metric Conversion Chart
Example of using unit analysis: Convert 5 kilometers to millimeters.
Start with the given measurement: [katex]\text{5 km}[/katex]
Use the conversion factors for kilometers to meters and meters to millimeters: [katex]\text{5 km} \times \frac{10^3 \, \text{m}}{1 \, \text{km}} \times \frac{10^3 \, \text{mm}}{1 \, \text{m}}[/katex]
Perform the multiplication: [katex]\text{5 km} \times \frac{10^3 \, \text{m}}{1 \, \text{km}} \times \frac{10^3 \, \text{mm}}{1 \, \text{m}} = 5 \times 10^3 \times 10^3 \, \text{mm}[/katex]
Simplify to get the final answer: [katex]\boxed{5 \times 10^6 \, \text{mm}}[/katex]
Prefix | Symbol | Power of Ten | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|---|
Pico- | p | [katex]10^{-12}[/katex] | |
Nano- | n | [katex]10^{-9}[/katex] | |
Micro- | µ | [katex]10^{-6}[/katex] | |
Milli- | m | [katex]10^{-3}[/katex] | |
Centi- | c | [katex]10^{-2}[/katex] | |
Deci- | d | [katex]10^{-1}[/katex] | |
(Base unit) | – | [katex]10^{0}[/katex] | |
Deca- or Deka- | da | [katex]10^{1}[/katex] | |
Hecto- | h | [katex]10^{2}[/katex] | |
Kilo- | k | [katex]10^{3}[/katex] | |
Mega- | M | [katex]10^{6}[/katex] | |
Giga- | G | [katex]10^{9}[/katex] | |
Tera- | T | [katex]10^{12}[/katex] |
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