0 attempts
0% avg
UBQ Credits
Part (a): Drawing a Free Body Diagram (FBD)
For the purposes of this explanation, drawing of the FBD is described:
– The ladder rests against a wall with length [katex] L [/katex] and weight [katex] W = 50 \, \text{N} [/katex].
– [katex] F_N [/katex] represents the normal force exerted by the wall on the ladder, acting horizontally at the top of the ladder.
– [katex] F_f [/katex] is the frictional force at the base of the ladder, which opposes the sliding movement, acting horizontally towards the wall.
– [katex] N [/katex] stands for the normal force exerted by the ground on the ladder, vertically upwards.
– [katex] W [/katex] is the weight of the ladder acting downwards from its center of mass.
Part (b): Finding the Minimum Angle [katex]\theta_{\text{min}}[/katex] so the Ladder Does Not Slip
| Step | Derivation/Formula | Reasoning |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | [katex] \text{Sum of horizontal forces: } F_N = F_f [/katex] | The normal force [katex] F_N [/katex] exerted by the wall is balanced by the frictional force [katex] F_f [/katex] at the base, since there is no other horizontal motion. |
| 2 | [katex] \text{Sum of vertical forces: } N = W [/katex] | The normal force [katex] N [/katex] from the ground balances the gravitational force [katex] W [/katex] because there is no vertical motion. |
| 3 | [katex] F_f = \mu N [/katex] | The frictional force [katex] F_f [/katex] can be expressed as the product of the coefficient of static friction [katex] \mu [/katex] and the normal force [katex] N [/katex]. |
| 4 | [katex] \text{Torque about point at base of ladder: } \\ W \frac{L}{2} \cos(\theta) = F_N L \sin(\theta) [/katex] | Taking torque about the base, counterclockwise torques due to the wall’s normal force [katex] F_N [/katex] should balance the clockwise torque due to the weight [katex] W [/katex]. The distance from the base to the CM is [katex] \frac{L}{2} [/katex]. |
| 5 | [katex] \frac{W}{2} = F_N \tan(\theta) [/katex] | Further simplification. |
| 6 | [katex] \frac{W}{2} = \mu W \tan(\theta) [/katex] | Replace [katex] F_N [/katex] with [katex] \mu N [/katex] as solved for in step 3, since [katex] F_N = F_f [/katex] as described in step 1. |
| 7 | [katex] \tan(\theta) = \frac{1}{2\mu} [/katex] | Simplify further by canceling out [katex] W [/katex] and isolating [katex]\theta [/katex]. |
| 8 | [katex] \theta = \tan^{-1}(\frac{1}{2\mu}) [/katex] | Finally, take the inverse tan to find [katex] \theta [/katex]. |
| 9 | [katex] \theta = \tan^{-1}(\frac{1}{2 \times .4}) [/katex] | Substitute [katex] \mu = 0.4 [/katex] into the equation derived. |
| 10 | [katex] \theta = \tan^{-1}(0.8) \approx 51.34^\circ [/katex] | This is the minimum angle to ensure the ladder does not slip. Calculate [katex] \theta [/katex] in degrees. |
| 11 | [katex] \boxed{\theta_{\text{min}} \approx 51.34^\circ} [/katex] | Final answer. |
Just ask: "Help me solve this problem."
Two masses, my = 32 kg and mg = 38 kg, are connected by a rope that hangs over a pulley. The pulley is a uniform cylinder of radius R = 0.311 m and mass 3.1 kg. Initially my is on the ground and mg rests 2.5 m above the ground. If the system is released, use conservation of energy to determine the speed of me just before it strikes the ground. Assume the pulley bearing is frictionless.
An object weighing 120 N is set on a rigid beam of negligible mass at a distance of 3 m from a pivot, as shown above. A vertical force is to be applied to the other end of the beam a distance of 4 m from the pivot to keep the beam at rest and horizontal. What is the magnitude F of the force required?
A hungry bear weighing 700 N walks out on a beam in an attempt to retrieve a basket of goodies hanging at the end of the beam. The beam is uniform, weighs 200 N, and is 6.00 m long. The goodies weigh 80 N.
A rotating, rigid body makes 10 complete revolutions in 10 seconds. What is its average angular velocity?
When is the angular momentum of a system constant?
By continuing you (1) agree to our Terms of Sale and Terms of Use and (2) consent to sharing your IP and browser information used by this site’s security protocols as outlined in our Privacy Policy.
| Kinematics | Forces |
|---|---|
| \(\Delta x = v_i t + \frac{1}{2} at^2\) | \(F = ma\) |
| \(v = v_i + at\) | \(F_g = \frac{G m_1 m_2}{r^2}\) |
| \(v^2 = v_i^2 + 2a \Delta x\) | \(f = \mu N\) |
| \(\Delta x = \frac{v_i + v}{2} t\) | \(F_s =-kx\) |
| \(v^2 = v_f^2 \,-\, 2a \Delta x\) |
| Circular Motion | Energy |
|---|---|
| \(F_c = \frac{mv^2}{r}\) | \(KE = \frac{1}{2} mv^2\) |
| \(a_c = \frac{v^2}{r}\) | \(PE = mgh\) |
| \(T = 2\pi \sqrt{\frac{r}{g}}\) | \(KE_i + PE_i = KE_f + PE_f\) |
| \(W = Fd \cos\theta\) |
| Momentum | Torque and Rotations |
|---|---|
| \(p = mv\) | \(\tau = r \cdot F \cdot \sin(\theta)\) |
| \(J = \Delta p\) | \(I = \sum mr^2\) |
| \(p_i = p_f\) | \(L = I \cdot \omega\) |
| Simple Harmonic Motion | Fluids |
|---|---|
| \(F = -kx\) | \(P = \frac{F}{A}\) |
| \(T = 2\pi \sqrt{\frac{l}{g}}\) | \(P_{\text{total}} = P_{\text{atm}} + \rho gh\) |
| \(T = 2\pi \sqrt{\frac{m}{k}}\) | \(Q = Av\) |
| \(x(t) = A \cos(\omega t + \phi)\) | \(F_b = \rho V g\) |
| \(a = -\omega^2 x\) | \(A_1v_1 = A_2v_2\) |
| Constant | Description |
|---|---|
| [katex]g[/katex] | Acceleration due to gravity, typically [katex]9.8 , \text{m/s}^2[/katex] on Earth’s surface |
| [katex]G[/katex] | Universal Gravitational Constant, [katex]6.674 \times 10^{-11} , \text{N} \cdot \text{m}^2/\text{kg}^2[/katex] |
| [katex]\mu_k[/katex] and [katex]\mu_s[/katex] | Coefficients of kinetic ([katex]\mu_k[/katex]) and static ([katex]\mu_s[/katex]) friction, dimensionless. Static friction ([katex]\mu_s[/katex]) is usually greater than kinetic friction ([katex]\mu_k[/katex]) as it resists the start of motion. |
| [katex]k[/katex] | Spring constant, in [katex]\text{N/m}[/katex] |
| [katex] M_E = 5.972 \times 10^{24} , \text{kg} [/katex] | Mass of the Earth |
| [katex] M_M = 7.348 \times 10^{22} , \text{kg} [/katex] | Mass of the Moon |
| [katex] M_M = 1.989 \times 10^{30} , \text{kg} [/katex] | Mass of the Sun |
| Variable | SI Unit |
|---|---|
| [katex]s[/katex] (Displacement) | [katex]\text{meters (m)}[/katex] |
| [katex]v[/katex] (Velocity) | [katex]\text{meters per second (m/s)}[/katex] |
| [katex]a[/katex] (Acceleration) | [katex]\text{meters per second squared (m/s}^2\text{)}[/katex] |
| [katex]t[/katex] (Time) | [katex]\text{seconds (s)}[/katex] |
| [katex]m[/katex] (Mass) | [katex]\text{kilograms (kg)}[/katex] |
| Variable | Derived SI Unit |
|---|---|
| [katex]F[/katex] (Force) | [katex]\text{newtons (N)}[/katex] |
| [katex]E[/katex], [katex]PE[/katex], [katex]KE[/katex] (Energy, Potential Energy, Kinetic Energy) | [katex]\text{joules (J)}[/katex] |
| [katex]P[/katex] (Power) | [katex]\text{watts (W)}[/katex] |
| [katex]p[/katex] (Momentum) | [katex]\text{kilogram meters per second (kgm/s)}[/katex] |
| [katex]\omega[/katex] (Angular Velocity) | [katex]\text{radians per second (rad/s)}[/katex] |
| [katex]\tau[/katex] (Torque) | [katex]\text{newton meters (Nm)}[/katex] |
| [katex]I[/katex] (Moment of Inertia) | [katex]\text{kilogram meter squared (kgm}^2\text{)}[/katex] |
| [katex]f[/katex] (Frequency) | [katex]\text{hertz (Hz)}[/katex] |
General Metric Conversion Chart
Example of using unit analysis: Convert 5 kilometers to millimeters.
Start with the given measurement: [katex]\text{5 km}[/katex]
Use the conversion factors for kilometers to meters and meters to millimeters: [katex]\text{5 km} \times \frac{10^3 \, \text{m}}{1 \, \text{km}} \times \frac{10^3 \, \text{mm}}{1 \, \text{m}}[/katex]
Perform the multiplication: [katex]\text{5 km} \times \frac{10^3 \, \text{m}}{1 \, \text{km}} \times \frac{10^3 \, \text{mm}}{1 \, \text{m}} = 5 \times 10^3 \times 10^3 \, \text{mm}[/katex]
Simplify to get the final answer: [katex]\boxed{5 \times 10^6 \, \text{mm}}[/katex]
Prefix | Symbol | Power of Ten | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|---|
Pico- | p | [katex]10^{-12}[/katex] | |
Nano- | n | [katex]10^{-9}[/katex] | |
Micro- | µ | [katex]10^{-6}[/katex] | |
Milli- | m | [katex]10^{-3}[/katex] | |
Centi- | c | [katex]10^{-2}[/katex] | |
Deci- | d | [katex]10^{-1}[/katex] | |
(Base unit) | – | [katex]10^{0}[/katex] | |
Deca- or Deka- | da | [katex]10^{1}[/katex] | |
Hecto- | h | [katex]10^{2}[/katex] | |
Kilo- | k | [katex]10^{3}[/katex] | |
Mega- | M | [katex]10^{6}[/katex] | |
Giga- | G | [katex]10^{9}[/katex] | |
Tera- | T | [katex]10^{12}[/katex] |
The most advanced version of Phy. 50% off, for early supporters. Prices increase soon.
per month
Billed Monthly. Cancel Anytime.
Trial –> Phy Pro
Understand you mistakes quicker.
Phy automatically provides feedback so you can improve your responses.
10 Free Credits To Get You Started
By continuing you agree to nerd-notes.com Terms of Service, Privacy Policy, and our usage of user data.
