AP Chemistry
9.3 Gibbs Free Energy and Thermodynamic Favorability
A thermodynamic evaluation is conducted on four industrial chemical reactions. The standard enthalpy change, \(\Delta H^\circ\), and standard entropy change, \(\Delta S^\circ\), for each reaction at \(298 \text{ K}\) are shown in the table below.
Assuming that \(\Delta H^\circ\) and \(\Delta S^\circ\) remain constant with changing temperature, which of the following correctly ranks the reactions in order of increasing minimum temperature at which each reaction becomes thermodynamically favorable under standard conditions (\(\Delta G^\circ < 0\))?
| Reaction | Chemical equation | \(\Delta H^\circ\ (\text{kJ/mol}_{\text{rxn}})\) | \(\Delta S^\circ\ (\text{J}/(\text{mol}_{\text{rxn}}\cdot\text{K}))\) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | \(\text{N}_2\text{O}_4\text{(g)} \rightarrow 2\,\text{NO}_2\text{(g)}\) | \(+60\) | \(+200\) |
| 2 | \(\text{PCl}_5\text{(g)} \rightarrow \text{PCl}_3\text{(g)} + \text{Cl}_2\text{(g)}\) | \(+100\) | \(+200\) |
| 3 | \(\text{CaCO}_3\text{(s)} \rightarrow \text{CaO(s)} + \text{CO}_2\text{(g)}\) | \(+180\) | \(+225\) |
| 4 | \(\text{C(s)} + \text{H}_2\text{O(g)} \rightarrow \text{CO(g)} + \text{H}_2\text{(g)}\) | \(+120\) | \(+100\) |
Assuming that \(\Delta H^\circ\) and \(\Delta S^\circ\) remain constant with changing temperature, which of the following correctly ranks the reactions in order of increasing minimum temperature at which each reaction becomes thermodynamically favorable under standard conditions (\(\Delta G^\circ < 0\))?
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