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AP Physics C: Mechanics
4.2 Change in Momentum and Impulse
4.1 Linear Momentum
IntermediateMCQMathematicalConceptual16.2k
A line graph with a horizontal axis labeled t and a vertical axis labeled F_N. A horizontal dashed line spans the width of the graph at a vertical level labeled Mg. Along the horizontal axis, four time values are marked: 0, t_1, t_2, and t_3, ordered from left to right. A solid curve represents the scale reading. For t < 0, the solid curve lies on the dashed line at Mg. Between t = 0 and t_1, the solid curve slopes downward below the dashed line, reaching a minimum just before t_1, then rises steeply to rejoin the dashed line at t_1. From t_1 to t_2, the solid curve remains flat along the dashed line at Mg. Between t_2 and t_3, the solid curve rises smoothly above the dashed line to form a rounded peak before returning to the dashed line at t_3. For t > t_3, the curve continues horizontally along the dashed line. No other labels, lines, text, or axes appear.
Normal force exerted by the scale on the hourglass as a function of time.
An hourglass of total mass \(M\) rests on a sensitive force scale that measures the upward normal force \(F_N\) exerted on the hourglass. At time \(t = 0\), sand begins to fall from rest from the upper bulb at a constant mass flow rate; the first grains strike the base of the lower bulb at \(t_1\), the last grains exit the upper bulb at \(t_2\), and all sand comes to rest at \(t_3\). The graph shows the scale reading \(F_N\) as a function of time \(t\). Which of the following statements correctly interprets the relationship between the graph and the physical behavior of the hourglass system?

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