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AP Physics C: E&M
11.6 Kirchhoff’s Loop Rule
11.5 Compound Direct Current Circuits
AdvancedMCQMathematicalProportional AnalysisConceptual18.8k
Schematic of a rectangular circuit loop. On the left vertical segment is a battery enclosed in a dashed box, containing a DC source symbol labeled \(\mathcal{E}\) with the longer line on top, in series with a resistor symbol labeled \(r\) below it. Small terminal dots labeled A and B sit on the top and bottom wires just outside the dashed box. From terminal A, the top wire extends rightward through a resistor symbol labeled R. Past this resistor, a junction node connects to a vertical branch containing a resistor symbol labeled R that connects to the bottom return wire. From the same junction node, the top wire continues rightward through another resistor symbol labeled R to an adjustable load resistor symbol labeled \(R_L\) on the right vertical branch, which returns to the bottom wire. The bottom wire runs straight back to terminal B. No other labels, lines, text, or axes appear.
Circuit schematic of the ladder network connected to the nonideal battery.
A real battery with electromotive force \(\mathcal{E}\) and internal resistance \(r\) has terminal voltage \(V_t\). The battery is connected to an external network where a fixed resistor of resistance \(R\) is in series with the positive terminal, followed by a junction that splits into two parallel branches: one branch containing a fixed shunt resistor of resistance \(R\) returning to the negative terminal, and the other branch containing a fixed resistor of resistance \(R\) in series with an adjustable load resistor \(R_L\) that also returns to the negative terminal. Which of the following expressions correctly gives the battery's terminal voltage \(V_t\) in the limit \(R_L \to 0\) and in the limit \(R_L \to \infty\)?

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