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| Step | Derivation/Formula | Reasoning |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | \[ F_{g_x} = m g \sin \theta \] | Calculate the component of gravitational force along the incline for one block. |
| 2 | \[ F_{f_A} = \mu_A m_A g \cos \theta \] | Calculate the frictional force for block A. Frictional force is the product of the friction coefficient, mass, gravitational acceleration, and the cosine of the incline angle. |
| 3 | \[F_{f_B} = \mu_B m_B g \cos \theta \] | Calculate the frictional force for block B using its coefficient of friction. |
| 4 | \[ F_{\text{net}} = 2 F_{g_x} – F_{f_A} – F_{f_B} \] | Net force is the sum of both gravitational components minus the frictional forces for both blocks. |
| 5 | \[ F_{\text{net}} = 2 (m g \sin \theta) – (\mu_A m g \cos \theta \] \[+ \mu_B m g \cos \theta) \] |
Substitute the expressions for gravitational and frictional forces into the net force equation. |
| 6 | \[ F_{\text{net}} = 2 \cdot 5 \cdot 9.8 \sin(32) – (0.2 \cdot 5 \cdot 9.8 \cos(32) \]
\[+ 0.3 \cdot 5 \cdot 9.8 \cos(32)) \] |
Substitute known values: \( m = 5 \ \text{kg}, \ g = 9.8 \ \text{m/s}^2, \ \theta = 32^\circ \). |
| 7 | \[ F_{\text{net}} = 52.012 – 8.3 – 12.5 = \]
\[31.2 \ \text{N} \] |
Calculate the net force acting on both blocks by subtracting the calculated frictional forces from the gravitational force component. |
| 8 | \[a = \frac{F_{\text{net}}}{2m} = \frac{31.2}{2 \times 5} \] | Use Newton’s second law \( F = ma \) to solve for acceleration. |
| 9 | \[ \boxed{3.1 \ \text{m/s}^2} \] | Calculate the acceleration of the blocks. |
| Step | Derivation/Formula | Reasoning |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | \[ T = m_A g \sin \theta – F_{f_A} – m_A a \] | Consider block A. The tension is the net force after subtracting the force needed for acceleration and friction. |
| 2 | \[ T = 5 \cdot 9.8 \sin(32) – (0.2 \cdot 5 \cdot 9.8 \cos(32)) – 5 \cdot 3.1 \] | Substitute known values for mass, gravitational acceleration, incline angle, friction coefficient, and acceleration. |
| 3 | \[T = 26 – 8.3 – 15.6 = 2.1 \ \text{N} \] | Calculate the tension in the cord between the blocks. |
| 4 | \[ \boxed{2.1 \ \text{N}} \] | Express the tension in the cord as the final answer. |
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A crane’s trolley at point \( P \) moves for a few seconds to the right with constant acceleration, and the \( 870 \, \text{kg} \) load hangs on a light cable at a \( 5^\circ \) angle to the vertical as shown. What is the acceleration of the trolley and load?
A 0.035 kg bullet moving horizontally at 350 m/s embeds itself into an initially stationary 0.55 kg block. Air resistance is negligible.
When a box is about to slide but hasn’t moved yet, which friction is acting?
A \( 0.20 \) \( \text{kg} \) object moves along a straight line. The net force acting on the object varies with the object’s displacement as shown in the graph above. The object starts from rest at displacement \( x = 0 \) and time \( t = 0 \) and is displaced a distance of \( 20 \) \( \text{m} \). Determine each of the following.
List at least 2 everyday forces that are not conservative, and explain why they aren’t.
A block of mass \( m \), acted on by a force \( F \) directed horizontally, slides up an inclined plane that makes an angle \( \theta \) with the horizontal. The coefficient of sliding friction between the block and the plane is \( \mu \).
A “doomsday” asteroid with a mass of \( 1010 \, \text{kg} \) is hurtling through space. Unless the asteroid’s speed is changed by about \( 0.20 \, \text{cm/s} \), it will collide with Earth and cause tremendous damage. Researchers suggest that a small “space tug” sent to the asteroid’s surface could exert a gentle constant force of \( 2.5 \, \text{N} \). For how long must this force act?
A car slides up a frictionless inclined plane. How does the normal force of the incline on the car compare with the weight of the car?
A child on Earth has a weight of \(500 \, \text{N}\). Determine the weight of the child if the Earth were to triple in both mass and radius (\(3M\) and \(3r\)).
The Earth’s radius is \(6.37 \times 10^{6} \, \text{m}\). What is the radius of a planet that has the same mass as Earth but on which the free-fall acceleration is \(5.50 \, \text{m/s}^2\)?
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| Kinematics | Forces |
|---|---|
| \(\Delta x = v_i t + \frac{1}{2} at^2\) | \(F = ma\) |
| \(v = v_i + at\) | \(F_g = \frac{G m_1 m_2}{r^2}\) |
| \(v^2 = v_i^2 + 2a \Delta x\) | \(f = \mu N\) |
| \(\Delta x = \frac{v_i + v}{2} t\) | \(F_s =-kx\) |
| \(v^2 = v_f^2 \,-\, 2a \Delta x\) |
| Circular Motion | Energy |
|---|---|
| \(F_c = \frac{mv^2}{r}\) | \(KE = \frac{1}{2} mv^2\) |
| \(a_c = \frac{v^2}{r}\) | \(PE = mgh\) |
| \(T = 2\pi \sqrt{\frac{r}{g}}\) | \(KE_i + PE_i = KE_f + PE_f\) |
| \(W = Fd \cos\theta\) |
| Momentum | Torque and Rotations |
|---|---|
| \(p = mv\) | \(\tau = r \cdot F \cdot \sin(\theta)\) |
| \(J = \Delta p\) | \(I = \sum mr^2\) |
| \(p_i = p_f\) | \(L = I \cdot \omega\) |
| Simple Harmonic Motion | Fluids |
|---|---|
| \(F = -kx\) | \(P = \frac{F}{A}\) |
| \(T = 2\pi \sqrt{\frac{l}{g}}\) | \(P_{\text{total}} = P_{\text{atm}} + \rho gh\) |
| \(T = 2\pi \sqrt{\frac{m}{k}}\) | \(Q = Av\) |
| \(x(t) = A \cos(\omega t + \phi)\) | \(F_b = \rho V g\) |
| \(a = -\omega^2 x\) | \(A_1v_1 = A_2v_2\) |
| Constant | Description |
|---|---|
| [katex]g[/katex] | Acceleration due to gravity, typically [katex]9.8 , \text{m/s}^2[/katex] on Earth’s surface |
| [katex]G[/katex] | Universal Gravitational Constant, [katex]6.674 \times 10^{-11} , \text{N} \cdot \text{m}^2/\text{kg}^2[/katex] |
| [katex]\mu_k[/katex] and [katex]\mu_s[/katex] | Coefficients of kinetic ([katex]\mu_k[/katex]) and static ([katex]\mu_s[/katex]) friction, dimensionless. Static friction ([katex]\mu_s[/katex]) is usually greater than kinetic friction ([katex]\mu_k[/katex]) as it resists the start of motion. |
| [katex]k[/katex] | Spring constant, in [katex]\text{N/m}[/katex] |
| [katex] M_E = 5.972 \times 10^{24} , \text{kg} [/katex] | Mass of the Earth |
| [katex] M_M = 7.348 \times 10^{22} , \text{kg} [/katex] | Mass of the Moon |
| [katex] M_M = 1.989 \times 10^{30} , \text{kg} [/katex] | Mass of the Sun |
| Variable | SI Unit |
|---|---|
| [katex]s[/katex] (Displacement) | [katex]\text{meters (m)}[/katex] |
| [katex]v[/katex] (Velocity) | [katex]\text{meters per second (m/s)}[/katex] |
| [katex]a[/katex] (Acceleration) | [katex]\text{meters per second squared (m/s}^2\text{)}[/katex] |
| [katex]t[/katex] (Time) | [katex]\text{seconds (s)}[/katex] |
| [katex]m[/katex] (Mass) | [katex]\text{kilograms (kg)}[/katex] |
| Variable | Derived SI Unit |
|---|---|
| [katex]F[/katex] (Force) | [katex]\text{newtons (N)}[/katex] |
| [katex]E[/katex], [katex]PE[/katex], [katex]KE[/katex] (Energy, Potential Energy, Kinetic Energy) | [katex]\text{joules (J)}[/katex] |
| [katex]P[/katex] (Power) | [katex]\text{watts (W)}[/katex] |
| [katex]p[/katex] (Momentum) | [katex]\text{kilogram meters per second (kgm/s)}[/katex] |
| [katex]\omega[/katex] (Angular Velocity) | [katex]\text{radians per second (rad/s)}[/katex] |
| [katex]\tau[/katex] (Torque) | [katex]\text{newton meters (Nm)}[/katex] |
| [katex]I[/katex] (Moment of Inertia) | [katex]\text{kilogram meter squared (kgm}^2\text{)}[/katex] |
| [katex]f[/katex] (Frequency) | [katex]\text{hertz (Hz)}[/katex] |
Metric Prefixes
Example of using unit analysis: Convert 5 kilometers to millimeters.
Start with the given measurement: [katex]\text{5 km}[/katex]
Use the conversion factors for kilometers to meters and meters to millimeters: [katex]\text{5 km} \times \frac{10^3 \, \text{m}}{1 \, \text{km}} \times \frac{10^3 \, \text{mm}}{1 \, \text{m}}[/katex]
Perform the multiplication: [katex]\text{5 km} \times \frac{10^3 \, \text{m}}{1 \, \text{km}} \times \frac{10^3 \, \text{mm}}{1 \, \text{m}} = 5 \times 10^3 \times 10^3 \, \text{mm}[/katex]
Simplify to get the final answer: [katex]\boxed{5 \times 10^6 \, \text{mm}}[/katex]
Prefix | Symbol | Power of Ten | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|---|
Pico- | p | [katex]10^{-12}[/katex] | |
Nano- | n | [katex]10^{-9}[/katex] | |
Micro- | µ | [katex]10^{-6}[/katex] | |
Milli- | m | [katex]10^{-3}[/katex] | |
Centi- | c | [katex]10^{-2}[/katex] | |
Deci- | d | [katex]10^{-1}[/katex] | |
(Base unit) | – | [katex]10^{0}[/katex] | |
Deca- or Deka- | da | [katex]10^{1}[/katex] | |
Hecto- | h | [katex]10^{2}[/katex] | |
Kilo- | k | [katex]10^{3}[/katex] | |
Mega- | M | [katex]10^{6}[/katex] | |
Giga- | G | [katex]10^{9}[/katex] | |
Tera- | T | [katex]10^{12}[/katex] |
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