AP Chemistry
1.7 Periodic Trends
1.5 Atomic Structure and Electron Configuration
A student compares the enthalpy changes associated with electron attachment for selected elements in Groups \(14\) and \(15\). The electron-attachment process is
\[ \text{X(g)}+e^-\rightarrow \text{X}^-\text{(g)} \]
A more negative value of \(\Delta H_{\mathrm{EA}}\) indicates a more thermodynamically favorable electron attachment. Which of the following statements best identifies and explains the discontinuity between the Group \(14\) and Group \(15\) elements in each period?
\[ \text{X(g)}+e^-\rightarrow \text{X}^-\text{(g)} \]
| Element | Ground-state valence configuration | \(\Delta H_{\mathrm{EA}}\) \((\text{kJ mol}^{-1})\) |
|---|---|---|
| \(\text{C}\) | \(2s^2 2p^2\) | \(-122\) |
| \(\text{N}\) | \(2s^2 2p^3\) | \(+7\) |
| \(\text{Si}\) | \(3s^2 3p^2\) | \(-134\) |
| \(\text{P}\) | \(3s^2 3p^3\) | \(-72\) |
A more negative value of \(\Delta H_{\mathrm{EA}}\) indicates a more thermodynamically favorable electron attachment. Which of the following statements best identifies and explains the discontinuity between the Group \(14\) and Group \(15\) elements in each period?
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