AP Chemistry
9.9 Cell Potential and Free Energy
9.8 Galvanic (Voltaic) and Electrolytic Cells
9.5 Free Energy and Equilibrium
9.3 Gibbs Free Energy and Thermodynamic Favorability
A student compares two electrochemical processes involving cadmium and copper electrodes in \(1.0 \text{ M}\) aqueous solutions at \(298 \text{ K}\).
Process 1 occurs in a galvanic cell:
\[\text{Cd}(s) + \text{Cu}^{2+}(aq) \rightarrow \text{Cd}^{2+}(aq) + \text{Cu}(s) \quad E^\circ_{\text{cell}} = +0.74 \text{ V}\]
Process 2 occurs in an electrolytic cell connected to an external power source:
\[\text{Cu}(s) + \text{Cd}^{2+}(aq) \rightarrow \text{Cu}^{2+}(aq) + \text{Cd}(s) \quad E^\circ_{\text{cell}} = -0.74 \text{ V}\]
Which of the following correctly compares \(\Delta G^\circ\) and \(K\) for Process 1 to those for Process 2, and provides the correct thermodynamic reasoning?
Process 1 occurs in a galvanic cell:
\[\text{Cd}(s) + \text{Cu}^{2+}(aq) \rightarrow \text{Cd}^{2+}(aq) + \text{Cu}(s) \quad E^\circ_{\text{cell}} = +0.74 \text{ V}\]
Process 2 occurs in an electrolytic cell connected to an external power source:
\[\text{Cu}(s) + \text{Cd}^{2+}(aq) \rightarrow \text{Cu}^{2+}(aq) + \text{Cd}(s) \quad E^\circ_{\text{cell}} = -0.74 \text{ V}\]
Which of the following correctly compares \(\Delta G^\circ\) and \(K\) for Process 1 to those for Process 2, and provides the correct thermodynamic reasoning?
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