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AP Physics 2
13.3 Refraction
AdvancedMCQMathematical15.6k
A physical setup diagram showing a side cross-sectional view of water with a flat horizontal surface separating air above (index n_air = 1) and water below (index n). An underwater camera is positioned at depth d below the surface along a central vertical dashed axis. Light rays coming from extreme angles near 90 degrees in the air strike the surface and refract into the water at the critical angle theta_c relative to the normal. These rays converge at the camera, forming a vertical cone with apex angle 2*theta_c. The circular base of this cone on the water surface has diameter D and radius r centered directly above the camera. No other labels, lines, text, or axes appear.
Cross-sectional view of light rays forming Snell's window underwater.
An underwater camera is positioned at a depth \(d\) below the surface of a calm body of water. The index of refraction of the water is \(n\) (where \(n > 1\)), and the index of refraction of the air above the surface is \(n_{\text{air}} = 1\). Light rays originating from the entire sky above the surface enter the water and are refracted, forming a bright circular window of light on the water's surface directly above the camera. Which of the following expressions represents the diameter \(D\) of this circular window?

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