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AP Physics 2
13.3 Refraction
AdvancedMCQMathematical12.9k
A horizontal cross-section schematic diagram of an optical fiber in a surrounding medium of index n_0. The core has refractive index n_1, and the top and bottom cladding layers have refractive index n_2. A flat vertical entrance face is on the left. A horizontal dashed central axis line extends through the core. At the entrance face, a horizontal dashed line represents the normal. A light ray arrives from the left in medium n_0 at an angle theta_max relative to the horizontal normal. The ray refracts into the core at angle theta_r relative to the horizontal normal, heading upward and right toward the top core-cladding interface. At the core-cladding interface, a vertical dashed line represents the boundary normal. The ray hits the boundary at an angle theta_c relative to the vertical normal and undergoes total internal reflection, reflecting back into the core at angle theta_c. No other labels or lines appear.
Ray path at the entrance face and core-cladding boundary of an optical fiber.
An optical fiber consists of a cylindrical core with refractive index \(n_1\) surrounded by a cladding with refractive index \(n_2\), where \(n_1 > n_2\). The fiber is surrounded by a medium with refractive index \(n_0\), where \(n_0 < n_1\). The front entrance face of the core is flat and perpendicular to the central axis of the fiber. Light strikes the entrance face at an angle of incidence \(\theta_0\) relative to the normal of the entrance face, refracts into the core, and then strikes the core-cladding boundary. Which of the following expressions represents the maximum angle of incidence \(\theta_{\text{max}}\) at the entrance face such that the ray undergoes total internal reflection at the core-cladding boundary?

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