AP Chemistry
9.7 Coupled Reactions
9.3 Gibbs Free Energy and Thermodynamic Favorability
The direct thermal decomposition of a solid metal oxide, \(\text{MO}_2\text{(s)}\), into its pure elements is thermodynamically unfavorable at \(298\text{ K}\):
\[ \text{MO}_2\text{(s)} \rightarrow \text{M(s)} + \text{O}_2\text{(g)} \quad \Delta G^\circ = +460\text{ kJ/mol}_{rxn} \]
To drive the extraction of pure \(\text{M(s)}\), this unfavorable decomposition can be coupled with an oxidation reaction through the shared intermediate \(\text{O}_2\text{(g)}\). Thermodynamic data for three candidate oxidation reactions at \(298\text{ K}\) are shown in the table below.
Which of the following balanced chemical equations represents an overall coupled process that is thermodynamically favorable at \(298\text{ K}\)?
\[ \text{MO}_2\text{(s)} \rightarrow \text{M(s)} + \text{O}_2\text{(g)} \quad \Delta G^\circ = +460\text{ kJ/mol}_{rxn} \]
To drive the extraction of pure \(\text{M(s)}\), this unfavorable decomposition can be coupled with an oxidation reaction through the shared intermediate \(\text{O}_2\text{(g)}\). Thermodynamic data for three candidate oxidation reactions at \(298\text{ K}\) are shown in the table below.
| Reaction | Chemical equation | \(\Delta G^\circ_{298}\ (\text{kJ/mol}_{rxn})\) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | \(2\,\text{C(s)} + \text{O}_2\text{(g)} \rightarrow 2\,\text{CO(g)}\) | \(-274\) |
| 2 | \(\text{C(s)} + \text{O}_2\text{(g)} \rightarrow \text{CO}_2\text{(g)}\) | \(-394\) |
| 3 | \(2\,\text{CO(g)} + \text{O}_2\text{(g)} \rightarrow 2\,\text{CO}_2\text{(g)}\) | \(-514\) |
Which of the following balanced chemical equations represents an overall coupled process that is thermodynamically favorable at \(298\text{ K}\)?
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