| Step | Derivation/Formula | Reasoning |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Calculate the car’s speed after acceleration:
Initial speed: \( u_0 = 0 \, \text{m/s} \) \( v_1 = u_0 + a_1 t_1 \) |
Determined the speed after accelerating for 10 seconds. |
| 2 | Calculate distance during acceleration:
\( s_1 = u_0 t_1 + \tfrac{1}{2} a_1 t_1^2 \) |
Found distance covered during acceleration phase. |
| 3 | Determine distance during reaction time:
Reaction time: \( t_r = 0.6 \, \text{s} \) |
Calculated distance traveled during driver’s reaction time. |
| 4 | Calculate remaining distance to the ramp:
Distance ahead when noticing ramp: \( 50 \, \text{m} \) |
Determined how much distance is left to brake. |
| 5 | Compute stopping distance required:
Braking acceleration: \( a_2 = -7.2 \, \text{m/s}^2 \) |
Calculated distance needed to stop completely. |
| 6 | Find speed at the ramp:
\( v^2 = u^2 + 2 a s \) |
Determined the car’s speed upon reaching the ramp. |
| 7 | Resolve velocity into components at the ramp:
Ramp angle: \( \theta = 27^\circ \) |
Found horizontal and vertical components of velocity. |
| 8 | (a) Calculate time of flight after ramp:
Vertical motion equation: |
Calculated time the car is airborne after the ramp. |
| 9 | Compute horizontal distance traveled:
\( \Delta x = v_x t \) |
Found horizontal distance after going off the ramp. |
| 10 | (b) Determine final vertical velocity:
\( v_{y_{\text{final}}} = v_y – g t \) |
Calculated vertical component of velocity upon landing. |
| 11 | Calculate final speed and direction:
\( v_{\text{final}} = \sqrt{v_x^2 + v_{y_{\text{final}}}^2} \) Direction angle: |
Found the magnitude and angle of the car’s velocity upon impact. |
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Ball A is dropped from the top of a cliff. At the same time, Ball B is thrown straight upward from the ground at \( 30 \) \( \text{m/s} \). The two balls pass each other after \( 2.0 \) \( \text{s} \).
Two students are on a balcony 19.6 m above the street. One student throws a ball vertically downward at 14.7 m/s. At the same instant, the other student throws a ball vertically upward at the same speed. The second ball just misses the balcony on the way down.
A car is driving at \(25 \, \text{m/s}\) when a light turns red \(100 \, \text{m}\) ahead. The driver takes an unknown amount of time to react and hit the brakes, but manages to skid to a stop at the red light. If \(\mu_s = 0.9\) and \(\mu_k = 0.65\), what was the reaction time of the driver?
A ball is launched and lands \( 20 \) \( \text{m} \) away below the launch point \( 2.5 \) \( \text{s} \) later. The maximum height reached is \( 8.0 \) \( \text{m} \). What was the original launch velocity?
A rollercoaster leaves the station at rest. Its speed increases steadily for \( 6 \) \( \text{s} \) as it heads down the first drop. The ride then levels out and it moves at a constant speed for \( 4 \) \( \text{s} \) before hitting the brakes and stopping in \( 3 \) \( \text{s} \). Draw the velocity vs. time graph or explain it in terms of functions.
The driver of a car makes an emergency stop by slamming on the car’s brakes and skidding to a stop. How far would the car have skidded if it had been traveling twice as fast?
Divers in Acapulco jump from a cliff that is \( 36 \, \text{m} \) above the water with an initial vertical velocity of \( 2 \, \text{m/s} \).
One ball is dropped vertically from a window. At the same instant, a second ball is thrown horizontally from the same window. Which ball has the greater speed at ground level?
Two balls are launched at the same time from opposite sides of a \( 100 \) \( \text{m} \) wide and \(1000 ~\text{m}\) canyon. Ball A is launched at \( 20 \) \( \text{m/s} \) at \( 45^{\circ} \) from the left side. Ball B is launched at \( 20 \) \( \text{m/s} \) at \( 45^{\circ} \) from the right side.
Person A throws a ball horizontally from a cliff \( 20 \) \( \text{m} \) tall at \( 12 \) \( \text{m/s} \). Person B is running to the right on the ground and catches the ball at the same height it would’ve landed after running \( 15 \) \( \text{m} \). How fast was Person B running?
(a) The horizontal distance the car travels after going off the ramp is approximately \( 72.2 \, \text{m} \).
(b) The car’s final velocity upon reaching the ground is approximately \( 29.5 \, \text{m/s} \) at an angle of \( 30.7^\circ \) below the horizontal.
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| Kinematics | Forces |
|---|---|
| \(\Delta x = v_i t + \frac{1}{2} at^2\) | \(F = ma\) |
| \(v = v_i + at\) | \(F_g = \frac{G m_1 m_2}{r^2}\) |
| \(v^2 = v_i^2 + 2a \Delta x\) | \(f = \mu N\) |
| \(\Delta x = \frac{v_i + v}{2} t\) | \(F_s =-kx\) |
| \(v^2 = v_f^2 \,-\, 2a \Delta x\) |
| Circular Motion | Energy |
|---|---|
| \(F_c = \frac{mv^2}{r}\) | \(KE = \frac{1}{2} mv^2\) |
| \(a_c = \frac{v^2}{r}\) | \(PE = mgh\) |
| \(T = 2\pi \sqrt{\frac{r}{g}}\) | \(KE_i + PE_i = KE_f + PE_f\) |
| \(W = Fd \cos\theta\) |
| Momentum | Torque and Rotations |
|---|---|
| \(p = mv\) | \(\tau = r \cdot F \cdot \sin(\theta)\) |
| \(J = \Delta p\) | \(I = \sum mr^2\) |
| \(p_i = p_f\) | \(L = I \cdot \omega\) |
| Simple Harmonic Motion | Fluids |
|---|---|
| \(F = -kx\) | \(P = \frac{F}{A}\) |
| \(T = 2\pi \sqrt{\frac{l}{g}}\) | \(P_{\text{total}} = P_{\text{atm}} + \rho gh\) |
| \(T = 2\pi \sqrt{\frac{m}{k}}\) | \(Q = Av\) |
| \(x(t) = A \cos(\omega t + \phi)\) | \(F_b = \rho V g\) |
| \(a = -\omega^2 x\) | \(A_1v_1 = A_2v_2\) |
| Constant | Description |
|---|---|
| [katex]g[/katex] | Acceleration due to gravity, typically [katex]9.8 , \text{m/s}^2[/katex] on Earth’s surface |
| [katex]G[/katex] | Universal Gravitational Constant, [katex]6.674 \times 10^{-11} , \text{N} \cdot \text{m}^2/\text{kg}^2[/katex] |
| [katex]\mu_k[/katex] and [katex]\mu_s[/katex] | Coefficients of kinetic ([katex]\mu_k[/katex]) and static ([katex]\mu_s[/katex]) friction, dimensionless. Static friction ([katex]\mu_s[/katex]) is usually greater than kinetic friction ([katex]\mu_k[/katex]) as it resists the start of motion. |
| [katex]k[/katex] | Spring constant, in [katex]\text{N/m}[/katex] |
| [katex] M_E = 5.972 \times 10^{24} , \text{kg} [/katex] | Mass of the Earth |
| [katex] M_M = 7.348 \times 10^{22} , \text{kg} [/katex] | Mass of the Moon |
| [katex] M_M = 1.989 \times 10^{30} , \text{kg} [/katex] | Mass of the Sun |
| Variable | SI Unit |
|---|---|
| [katex]s[/katex] (Displacement) | [katex]\text{meters (m)}[/katex] |
| [katex]v[/katex] (Velocity) | [katex]\text{meters per second (m/s)}[/katex] |
| [katex]a[/katex] (Acceleration) | [katex]\text{meters per second squared (m/s}^2\text{)}[/katex] |
| [katex]t[/katex] (Time) | [katex]\text{seconds (s)}[/katex] |
| [katex]m[/katex] (Mass) | [katex]\text{kilograms (kg)}[/katex] |
| Variable | Derived SI Unit |
|---|---|
| [katex]F[/katex] (Force) | [katex]\text{newtons (N)}[/katex] |
| [katex]E[/katex], [katex]PE[/katex], [katex]KE[/katex] (Energy, Potential Energy, Kinetic Energy) | [katex]\text{joules (J)}[/katex] |
| [katex]P[/katex] (Power) | [katex]\text{watts (W)}[/katex] |
| [katex]p[/katex] (Momentum) | [katex]\text{kilogram meters per second (kgm/s)}[/katex] |
| [katex]\omega[/katex] (Angular Velocity) | [katex]\text{radians per second (rad/s)}[/katex] |
| [katex]\tau[/katex] (Torque) | [katex]\text{newton meters (Nm)}[/katex] |
| [katex]I[/katex] (Moment of Inertia) | [katex]\text{kilogram meter squared (kgm}^2\text{)}[/katex] |
| [katex]f[/katex] (Frequency) | [katex]\text{hertz (Hz)}[/katex] |
Metric Prefixes
Example of using unit analysis: Convert 5 kilometers to millimeters.
Start with the given measurement: [katex]\text{5 km}[/katex]
Use the conversion factors for kilometers to meters and meters to millimeters: [katex]\text{5 km} \times \frac{10^3 \, \text{m}}{1 \, \text{km}} \times \frac{10^3 \, \text{mm}}{1 \, \text{m}}[/katex]
Perform the multiplication: [katex]\text{5 km} \times \frac{10^3 \, \text{m}}{1 \, \text{km}} \times \frac{10^3 \, \text{mm}}{1 \, \text{m}} = 5 \times 10^3 \times 10^3 \, \text{mm}[/katex]
Simplify to get the final answer: [katex]\boxed{5 \times 10^6 \, \text{mm}}[/katex]
Prefix | Symbol | Power of Ten | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|---|
Pico- | p | [katex]10^{-12}[/katex] | 0.000000000001 |
Nano- | n | [katex]10^{-9}[/katex] | 0.000000001 |
Micro- | µ | [katex]10^{-6}[/katex] | 0.000001 |
Milli- | m | [katex]10^{-3}[/katex] | 0.001 |
Centi- | c | [katex]10^{-2}[/katex] | 0.01 |
Deci- | d | [katex]10^{-1}[/katex] | 0.1 |
(Base unit) | – | [katex]10^{0}[/katex] | 1 |
Deca- or Deka- | da | [katex]10^{1}[/katex] | 10 |
Hecto- | h | [katex]10^{2}[/katex] | 100 |
Kilo- | k | [katex]10^{3}[/katex] | 1,000 |
Mega- | M | [katex]10^{6}[/katex] | 1,000,000 |
Giga- | G | [katex]10^{9}[/katex] | 1,000,000,000 |
Tera- | T | [katex]10^{12}[/katex] | 1,000,000,000,000 |
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