| Derivation or Formula | Reasoning |
|---|---|
| \[v_{\max}=\omega A\] | In simple harmonic motion, the maximum speed occurs at equilibrium \((x=0)\) and equals \(v_{\max}=\omega A\). |
| \[v=0.50\,v_{\max}=0.50\,\omega A\] | The problem states the speed is \(50\%\) of its maximum value, so \(v\) is half of \(v_{\max}\). |
| \[v^2=\omega^2(A^2-x^2)\] | This SHM relation connects speed \(v\) and position \(x\) using energy (or standard SHM kinematics) without calculus. |
| \[(0.50\,\omega A)^2=\omega^2(A^2-x^2)\] | Substitute \(v=0.50\,\omega A\) into \(v^2=\omega^2(A^2-x^2)\). |
| \[0.25\,\omega^2A^2=\omega^2(A^2-x^2)\] | Square the left side and simplify. |
| \[0.25A^2=A^2-x^2\] | Cancel \(\omega^2\) from both sides (nonzero for SHM). |
| \[x^2=A^2-0.25A^2=0.75A^2=\frac{3}{4}A^2\] | Solve algebraically for \(x^2\). |
| \[|x|=\sqrt{\frac{3}{4}}A=\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}A\] | The question asks for the magnitude of position, so take the positive square root: \(|x|\). |
| \[\boxed{|x|=\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}A}\] | Final answer in terms of only \(A\). |
| Derivation or Formula | Reasoning |
|---|---|
| \[E_{\text{tot}}=\frac{1}{2}kA^2\] | Total mechanical energy in SHM equals the maximum spring potential energy, which occurs at \(|x|=A\). |
| \[U_s=\frac{1}{2}kx^2\] | The elastic (spring) potential energy at position \(x\) is \(U_s=\frac{1}{2}kx^2\). |
| \[U_s=0.50\,E_{\text{tot}}\] | The problem states the spring potential energy is \(50\%\) of the total energy. |
| \[\frac{1}{2}kx^2=0.50\left(\frac{1}{2}kA^2\right)\] | Substitute the expressions for \(U_s\) and \(E_{\text{tot}}\). |
| \[\frac{1}{2}kx^2=\frac{1}{4}kA^2\] | Simplify the right-hand side: \(0.50\cdot\frac{1}{2}=\frac{1}{4}\). |
| \[x^2=\frac{1}{2}A^2\] | Cancel \(k\) and multiply both sides by \(2\) to isolate \(x^2\). |
| \[|x|=\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}A=\frac{A}{\sqrt{2}}\] | Take the square root and use magnitude \(|x|\) since the oscillator can be at \(+x\) or \(-x\). |
| \[\boxed{|x|=\frac{A}{\sqrt{2}}}\] | Final answer in terms of only \(A\). |
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\(|x|=\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}A\), \(|x|=\frac{A}{\sqrt{2}}\)
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| Kinematics | Forces |
|---|---|
| \(\Delta x = v_i t + \frac{1}{2} at^2\) | \(F = ma\) |
| \(v = v_i + at\) | \(F_g = \frac{G m_1 m_2}{r^2}\) |
| \(v^2 = v_i^2 + 2a \Delta x\) | \(f = \mu N\) |
| \(\Delta x = \frac{v_i + v}{2} t\) | \(F_s =-kx\) |
| \(v^2 = v_f^2 \,-\, 2a \Delta x\) |
| Circular Motion | Energy |
|---|---|
| \(F_c = \frac{mv^2}{r}\) | \(KE = \frac{1}{2} mv^2\) |
| \(a_c = \frac{v^2}{r}\) | \(PE = mgh\) |
| \(T = 2\pi \sqrt{\frac{r}{g}}\) | \(KE_i + PE_i = KE_f + PE_f\) |
| \(W = Fd \cos\theta\) |
| Momentum | Torque and Rotations |
|---|---|
| \(p = mv\) | \(\tau = r \cdot F \cdot \sin(\theta)\) |
| \(J = \Delta p\) | \(I = \sum mr^2\) |
| \(p_i = p_f\) | \(L = I \cdot \omega\) |
| Simple Harmonic Motion | Fluids |
|---|---|
| \(F = -kx\) | \(P = \frac{F}{A}\) |
| \(T = 2\pi \sqrt{\frac{l}{g}}\) | \(P_{\text{total}} = P_{\text{atm}} + \rho gh\) |
| \(T = 2\pi \sqrt{\frac{m}{k}}\) | \(Q = Av\) |
| \(x(t) = A \cos(\omega t + \phi)\) | \(F_b = \rho V g\) |
| \(a = -\omega^2 x\) | \(A_1v_1 = A_2v_2\) |
| Constant | Description |
|---|---|
| [katex]g[/katex] | Acceleration due to gravity, typically [katex]9.8 , \text{m/s}^2[/katex] on Earth’s surface |
| [katex]G[/katex] | Universal Gravitational Constant, [katex]6.674 \times 10^{-11} , \text{N} \cdot \text{m}^2/\text{kg}^2[/katex] |
| [katex]\mu_k[/katex] and [katex]\mu_s[/katex] | Coefficients of kinetic ([katex]\mu_k[/katex]) and static ([katex]\mu_s[/katex]) friction, dimensionless. Static friction ([katex]\mu_s[/katex]) is usually greater than kinetic friction ([katex]\mu_k[/katex]) as it resists the start of motion. |
| [katex]k[/katex] | Spring constant, in [katex]\text{N/m}[/katex] |
| [katex] M_E = 5.972 \times 10^{24} , \text{kg} [/katex] | Mass of the Earth |
| [katex] M_M = 7.348 \times 10^{22} , \text{kg} [/katex] | Mass of the Moon |
| [katex] M_M = 1.989 \times 10^{30} , \text{kg} [/katex] | Mass of the Sun |
| Variable | SI Unit |
|---|---|
| [katex]s[/katex] (Displacement) | [katex]\text{meters (m)}[/katex] |
| [katex]v[/katex] (Velocity) | [katex]\text{meters per second (m/s)}[/katex] |
| [katex]a[/katex] (Acceleration) | [katex]\text{meters per second squared (m/s}^2\text{)}[/katex] |
| [katex]t[/katex] (Time) | [katex]\text{seconds (s)}[/katex] |
| [katex]m[/katex] (Mass) | [katex]\text{kilograms (kg)}[/katex] |
| Variable | Derived SI Unit |
|---|---|
| [katex]F[/katex] (Force) | [katex]\text{newtons (N)}[/katex] |
| [katex]E[/katex], [katex]PE[/katex], [katex]KE[/katex] (Energy, Potential Energy, Kinetic Energy) | [katex]\text{joules (J)}[/katex] |
| [katex]P[/katex] (Power) | [katex]\text{watts (W)}[/katex] |
| [katex]p[/katex] (Momentum) | [katex]\text{kilogram meters per second (kgm/s)}[/katex] |
| [katex]\omega[/katex] (Angular Velocity) | [katex]\text{radians per second (rad/s)}[/katex] |
| [katex]\tau[/katex] (Torque) | [katex]\text{newton meters (Nm)}[/katex] |
| [katex]I[/katex] (Moment of Inertia) | [katex]\text{kilogram meter squared (kgm}^2\text{)}[/katex] |
| [katex]f[/katex] (Frequency) | [katex]\text{hertz (Hz)}[/katex] |
Metric Prefixes
Example of using unit analysis: Convert 5 kilometers to millimeters.
Start with the given measurement: [katex]\text{5 km}[/katex]
Use the conversion factors for kilometers to meters and meters to millimeters: [katex]\text{5 km} \times \frac{10^3 \, \text{m}}{1 \, \text{km}} \times \frac{10^3 \, \text{mm}}{1 \, \text{m}}[/katex]
Perform the multiplication: [katex]\text{5 km} \times \frac{10^3 \, \text{m}}{1 \, \text{km}} \times \frac{10^3 \, \text{mm}}{1 \, \text{m}} = 5 \times 10^3 \times 10^3 \, \text{mm}[/katex]
Simplify to get the final answer: [katex]\boxed{5 \times 10^6 \, \text{mm}}[/katex]
Prefix | Symbol | Power of Ten | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|---|
Pico- | p | [katex]10^{-12}[/katex] | |
Nano- | n | [katex]10^{-9}[/katex] | |
Micro- | µ | [katex]10^{-6}[/katex] | |
Milli- | m | [katex]10^{-3}[/katex] | |
Centi- | c | [katex]10^{-2}[/katex] | |
Deci- | d | [katex]10^{-1}[/katex] | |
(Base unit) | – | [katex]10^{0}[/katex] | |
Deca- or Deka- | da | [katex]10^{1}[/katex] | |
Hecto- | h | [katex]10^{2}[/katex] | |
Kilo- | k | [katex]10^{3}[/katex] | |
Mega- | M | [katex]10^{6}[/katex] | |
Giga- | G | [katex]10^{9}[/katex] | |
Tera- | T | [katex]10^{12}[/katex] |
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