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Unit 1 - Vectors and Kinematics

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Projectile motion range is derived as follows:

  1. Express the horizontal and vertical components of the initial velocity.
  2. Determine the time of flight based on vertical motion.
  3. Calculate the horizontal distance traveled in this time.
Step Formula Derivation Reasoning
1.1 [katex]v_{x} = v \cos(\theta)[/katex] Horizontal component of initial velocity, constant since no air resistance.
1.2 [katex]v_{y0} = v \sin(\theta)[/katex] Initial vertical component of the velocity.
2.1 [katex]t = \frac{2v_{y0}}{g}[/katex] Time of flight, derived from [katex]v_{y} = v_{y0} – gt[/katex] and the fact that at maximum height, [katex]v_{y} = 0[/katex], hence [katex]t = \frac{2v_{y0}}{g}[/katex] for a round trip.
2.2 [katex]t = \frac{2v \sin(\theta)}{g}[/katex] Substitute [katex]v_{y0} = v \sin(\theta)[/katex].
3.1 [katex]R = v_{x} t[/katex] Range is the horizontal distance traveled.
3.2 [katex]R = v \cos(\theta) \times \frac{2v \sin(\theta)}{g}[/katex] Substitute [katex]v_{x} = v \cos(\theta)[/katex] and [katex]t[/katex] from step 2.2.
3.3 [katex]R = \frac{v^2 \sin(2\theta)}{g}[/katex] Simplify using trigonometric identity [katex]\sin(2\theta) = 2 \sin(\theta) \cos(\theta)[/katex].

Now we apply this to find the new range when the launch speed is doubled.

Step Formula Derivation Reasoning
4.1 [katex]R’ = \frac{(2v)^2 \sin(2\theta)}{g}[/katex] New range formula with doubled speed [katex]2v[/katex].
4.2 [katex]R’ = 4 \times \frac{v^2 \sin(2\theta)}{g}[/katex] Simplify to show the relationship with the original range.
4.3 [katex]R’ = 4R[/katex] Substitute the original range [katex]R[/katex].

Given the original range of 23 m, we will calculate the new range.

The new range, calculated from the derived formula with the launch speed doubled, is [katex]92.0 , \text{m}[/katex].

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Dark Mode Equation Sheet (Download)
KinematicsForces
[katex]\Delta x = v_i t + \frac{1}{2} at^2[/katex][katex]F = ma[/katex]
[katex]v = v_i + at[/katex][katex]F_g = \frac{G m_1m_2}{r^2}[/katex]
[katex]a = \frac{\Delta v}{\Delta t}[/katex][katex]f = \mu N[/katex]
[katex]R = \frac{v_i^2 \sin(2\theta)}{g}[/katex] 
Circular MotionEnergy
[katex]F_c = \frac{mv^2}{r}[/katex][katex]KE = \frac{1}{2} mv^2[/katex]
[katex]a_c = \frac{v^2}{r}[/katex][katex]PE = mgh[/katex]
 [katex]KE_i + PE_i = KE_f + PE_f[/katex]
MomentumTorque and Rotations
[katex]p = m v[/katex][katex]\tau = r \cdot F \cdot \sin(\theta)[/katex]
[katex]J = \Delta p[/katex][katex]I = \sum mr^2[/katex]
[katex]p_i = p_f[/katex][katex]L = I \cdot \omega[/katex]
Simple Harmonic Motion
[katex]F = -k x[/katex]
[katex]T = 2\pi \sqrt{\frac{l}{g}}[/katex]
[katex]T = 2\pi \sqrt{\frac{m}{k}}[/katex]
ConstantDescription
[katex]g[/katex]Acceleration due to gravity, typically [katex]9.8 , \text{m/s}^2[/katex] on Earth’s surface
[katex]G[/katex]Universal Gravitational Constant, [katex]6.674 \times 10^{-11} , \text{N} \cdot \text{m}^2/\text{kg}^2[/katex]
[katex]\mu_k[/katex] and [katex]\mu_s[/katex]Coefficients of kinetic ([katex]\mu_k[/katex]) and static ([katex]\mu_s[/katex]) friction, dimensionless. Static friction ([katex]\mu_s[/katex]) is usually greater than kinetic friction ([katex]\mu_k[/katex]) as it resists the start of motion.
[katex]k[/katex]Spring constant, in [katex]\text{N/m}[/katex]
[katex] M_E = 5.972 \times 10^{24} , \text{kg} [/katex]Mass of the Earth
[katex] M_M = 7.348 \times 10^{22} , \text{kg} [/katex]Mass of the Moon
[katex] M_M = 1.989 \times 10^{30} , \text{kg} [/katex]Mass of the Sun
VariableSI Unit
[katex]s[/katex] (Displacement)[katex]\text{meters (m)}[/katex]
[katex]v[/katex] (Velocity)[katex]\text{meters per second (m/s)}[/katex]
[katex]a[/katex] (Acceleration)[katex]\text{meters per second squared (m/s}^2\text{)}[/katex]
[katex]t[/katex] (Time)[katex]\text{seconds (s)}[/katex]
[katex]m[/katex] (Mass)[katex]\text{kilograms (kg)}[/katex]
VariableDerived SI Unit
[katex]F[/katex] (Force)[katex]\text{newtons (N)}[/katex]
[katex]E[/katex], [katex]PE[/katex], [katex]KE[/katex] (Energy, Potential Energy, Kinetic Energy)[katex]\text{joules (J)}[/katex]
[katex]P[/katex] (Power)[katex]\text{watts (W)}[/katex]
[katex]p[/katex] (Momentum)[katex]\text{kilogram meters per second (kgm/s)}[/katex]
[katex]\omega[/katex] (Angular Velocity)[katex]\text{radians per second (rad/s)}[/katex]
[katex]\tau[/katex] (Torque)[katex]\text{newton meters (Nm)}[/katex]
[katex]I[/katex] (Moment of Inertia)[katex]\text{kilogram meter squared (kgm}^2\text{)}[/katex]
[katex]f[/katex] (Frequency)[katex]\text{hertz (Hz)}[/katex]

General Metric Conversion Chart

Example of using unit analysis: Convert 5 kilometers to millimeters. 

  1. Start with the given measurement: [katex]\text{5 km}[/katex]

  2. Use the conversion factors for kilometers to meters and meters to millimeters: [katex]\text{5 km} \times \frac{10^3 \, \text{m}}{1 \, \text{km}} \times \frac{10^3 \, \text{mm}}{1 \, \text{m}}[/katex]

  3. Perform the multiplication: [katex]\text{5 km} \times \frac{10^3 \, \text{m}}{1 \, \text{km}} \times \frac{10^3 \, \text{mm}}{1 \, \text{m}} = 5 \times 10^3 \times 10^3 \, \text{mm}[/katex]

  4. Simplify to get the final answer: [katex]\boxed{5 \times 10^6 \, \text{mm}}[/katex]

Prefix

Symbol

Power of Ten

Equivalent

Pico-

p

[katex]10^{-12}[/katex]

Nano-

n

[katex]10^{-9}[/katex]

Micro-

µ

[katex]10^{-6}[/katex]

Milli-

m

[katex]10^{-3}[/katex]

Centi-

c

[katex]10^{-2}[/katex]

Deci-

d

[katex]10^{-1}[/katex]

(Base unit)

–

[katex]10^{0}[/katex]

Deca- or Deka-

da

[katex]10^{1}[/katex]

Hecto-

h

[katex]10^{2}[/katex]

Kilo-

k

[katex]10^{3}[/katex]

Mega-

M

[katex]10^{6}[/katex]

Giga-

G

[katex]10^{9}[/katex]

Tera-

T

[katex]10^{12}[/katex]

  1. Some answers may be slightly off by 1% depending on rounding, etc.
  2. Answers will use different values of gravity. Some answers use 9.81 m/s2, and other 10 m/s2 for calculations.
  3. Variables are sometimes written differently from class to class. For example, sometime initial velocity [katex] v_i [/katex] is written as [katex] u [/katex]; sometimes [katex] \Delta x [/katex] is written as [katex] s [/katex].
  4. Bookmark questions that you can’t solve so you can come back to them later. 
  5. Always get help if you can’t figure out a problem. The sooner you can get it cleared up the better chances of you not getting it wrong on a test!

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