Finding tension in the string
Step | Formula Derivation | Reasoning |
---|---|---|
1 | \tan(\theta) = \frac{R}{h} | The angle \theta is between the string and the vertical axis. h is the vertical distance from the ball to the pivot. |
2 | h = L \cos(\theta) | From the geometry of the cone. |
3 | \tan(\theta) = \frac{R}{L \cos(\theta)} | Substituting the expression for h. |
4 | \sin(\theta) = \frac{R}{\sqrt{R^2 + h^2}} | From the right triangle formed by the string, h, and R. |
5 | F_{T} \sin(\theta) = F_{c} | The horizontal component of tension provides the centripetal force (F_{c}). |
6 | F_{c} = m \frac{v^2}{R} | Centripetal force formula. v is the velocity of the ball. |
7 | F_{T} \cos(\theta) = mg | The vertical component of tension balances gravity. |
8 | F_{T} = \frac{mg}{\cos(\theta)} | Isolating F_{T} in the vertical balance. |
9 | F_{T} = \frac{mg}{\cos(\theta)} = \frac{mg}{\sqrt{1 – \sin^2(\theta)}} | Using \cos(\theta) = \sqrt{1 – \sin^2(\theta)}. |
10 | F_{T} = \frac{mg}{\sqrt{1 – \left(\frac{R}{\sqrt{R^2 + h^2}}\right)^2}} | Substituting \sin(\theta). |
11 | \boxed{F_{T} = \frac{mg}{\sqrt{1 – \frac{R^2}{R^2 + L^2 \cos^2(\theta)}}}} | Final expression for tension, substituting h = L \cos(\theta). |
Finding period of the pendulum
Step | Formula Derivation | Reasoning |
---|---|---|
1 | F_{c} = m \frac{v^2}{R} | Centripetal force formula. |
2 | F_{T} \sin(\theta) = m \frac{v^2}{R} | The horizontal component of tension provides the centripetal force. |
3 | v = R \omega | Relationship between linear velocity and angular velocity (\omega). |
4 | m \frac{(R \omega)^2}{R} = F_{T} \sin(\theta) | Substituting v with R \omega. |
5 | \omega^2 = \frac{F_{T} \sin(\theta)}{mR} | Isolating \omega^2. |
6 | \omega = \sqrt{\frac{g}{R \tan(\theta)}} | Using F_{T} \sin(\theta) = mg \sin(\theta) and simplifying. |
7 | T = \frac{2\pi}{\omega} | Period (T |
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A 2.0 kg ball on the end of a 0.65 m long string is moving in a vertical circle. At the bottom of the circle, its speed is 4.0 m/s. Find the tension in the string.
On a harsh winter day, a 1500 kg vehicle takes a circular banked exit ramp (radius R = 150 m; banking angle of 10 degrees) at a speed of 30 mph, since the speed limit is 35 mph. However, the exit ramp is completely iced up (= frictionless). To make matters worse, a wind is blowing parallel to the ramp in a downward direction. The wind exerts a force of 3000 N. Under these conditions, can the driver continue to follow a safe horizontal circle on the exit ramp and stay below the speed limit? To convert mph into m/s use 1 mi = 1607 m and 1 hr is 3600 s.
A 5.0 g coin is placed 15 cm from the center of a turntable. The coin has coefficients of static and kinetic friction of µs = 0.80 and µk = 0.50. The turntable slowly speeds up to 60 rpm. Does the coin slide off the turntable?
A 2.00 x102 g block on a 50.0 cm long string swings in a circle on a horizontal, frictionless table at 75.0 rpm. What is the speed of block? What is the tension in the string?
A communications satellite orbits the Earth at an altitude of 35,000 km above the Earth’s surface. Take the mass of Earth to be 6 \times 10^{24} \text{ kg} the the radius of Earth to be 6.4 \times 10^6 \text{ m}. What is the satellite’s velocity?
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Kinematics | Forces |
---|---|
\Delta x = v_i t + \frac{1}{2} at^2 | F = ma |
v = v_i + at | F_g = \frac{G m_1m_2}{r^2} |
a = \frac{\Delta v}{\Delta t} | f = \mu N |
R = \frac{v_i^2 \sin(2\theta)}{g} |
Circular Motion | Energy |
---|---|
F_c = \frac{mv^2}{r} | KE = \frac{1}{2} mv^2 |
a_c = \frac{v^2}{r} | PE = mgh |
KE_i + PE_i = KE_f + PE_f |
Momentum | Torque and Rotations |
---|---|
p = m v | \tau = r \cdot F \cdot \sin(\theta) |
J = \Delta p | I = \sum mr^2 |
p_i = p_f | L = I \cdot \omega |
Simple Harmonic Motion |
---|
F = -k x |
T = 2\pi \sqrt{\frac{l}{g}} |
T = 2\pi \sqrt{\frac{m}{k}} |
Constant | Description |
---|---|
g | Acceleration due to gravity, typically 9.8 , \text{m/s}^2 on Earth’s surface |
G | Universal Gravitational Constant, 6.674 \times 10^{-11} , \text{N} \cdot \text{m}^2/\text{kg}^2 |
\mu_k and \mu_s | Coefficients of kinetic (\mu_k) and static (\mu_s) friction, dimensionless. Static friction (\mu_s) is usually greater than kinetic friction (\mu_k) as it resists the start of motion. |
k | Spring constant, in \text{N/m} |
M_E = 5.972 \times 10^{24} , \text{kg} | Mass of the Earth |
M_M = 7.348 \times 10^{22} , \text{kg} | Mass of the Moon |
M_M = 1.989 \times 10^{30} , \text{kg} | Mass of the Sun |
Variable | SI Unit |
---|---|
s (Displacement) | \text{meters (m)} |
v (Velocity) | \text{meters per second (m/s)} |
a (Acceleration) | \text{meters per second squared (m/s}^2\text{)} |
t (Time) | \text{seconds (s)} |
m (Mass) | \text{kilograms (kg)} |
Variable | Derived SI Unit |
---|---|
F (Force) | \text{newtons (N)} |
E, PE, KE (Energy, Potential Energy, Kinetic Energy) | \text{joules (J)} |
P (Power) | \text{watts (W)} |
p (Momentum) | \text{kilogram meters per second (kgm/s)} |
\omega (Angular Velocity) | \text{radians per second (rad/s)} |
\tau (Torque) | \text{newton meters (Nm)} |
I (Moment of Inertia) | \text{kilogram meter squared (kgm}^2\text{)} |
f (Frequency) | \text{hertz (Hz)} |
General Metric Conversion Chart
Example of using unit analysis: Convert 5 kilometers to millimeters.
Start with the given measurement: \text{5 km}
Use the conversion factors for kilometers to meters and meters to millimeters: \text{5 km} \times \frac{10^3 \, \text{m}}{1 \, \text{km}} \times \frac{10^3 \, \text{mm}}{1 \, \text{m}}
Perform the multiplication: \text{5 km} \times \frac{10^3 \, \text{m}}{1 \, \text{km}} \times \frac{10^3 \, \text{mm}}{1 \, \text{m}} = 5 \times 10^3 \times 10^3 \, \text{mm}
Simplify to get the final answer: \boxed{5 \times 10^6 \, \text{mm}}
Prefix | Symbol | Power of Ten | Equivalent |
---|---|---|---|
Pico- | p | 10^{-12} | 0.000000000001 |
Nano- | n | 10^{-9} | 0.000000001 |
Micro- | µ | 10^{-6} | 0.000001 |
Milli- | m | 10^{-3} | 0.001 |
Centi- | c | 10^{-2} | 0.01 |
Deci- | d | 10^{-1} | 0.1 |
(Base unit) | – | 10^{0} | 1 |
Deca- or Deka- | da | 10^{1} | 10 |
Hecto- | h | 10^{2} | 100 |
Kilo- | k | 10^{3} | 1,000 |
Mega- | M | 10^{6} | 1,000,000 |
Giga- | G | 10^{9} | 1,000,000,000 |
Tera- | T | 10^{12} | 1,000,000,000,000 |
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