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| Step | Derivation/Formula | Reasoning |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | \(v(t) = \text{Area under velocity-time graph}\) | Object passes through its initial position when the net area under the velocity-time graph (Displacement, \( \Delta x \)) is zero. |
| 2 | N/A (Graph Inspection) | From \( t = 0 \, \text{s} \) to \( t = 5 \, \text{s} \), the area under the curve is a triangle with base 5 s and height 20 m/s giving an area of \( \frac{1}{2} \times 5 \, \text{s} \times 20 \, \text{m/s} = 50 \, \text{m} \). |
| 3 | N/A (Graph Inspection) | From \( t = 5 \, \text{s} \) to \( t = 11 \, \text{s} \), the area under the curve is a large negative area as shown in the graph. Calculate areas to compensate for positive 50 m. |
| 4 | N/A (Graph Inspection) | The area from \( t = 5 \, \text{s} \) to \( t = 8 \, \text{s} \) is -40, while the area from \( t = 5 \, \text{s} \) to \( t = 9 \, \text{s} \) is -60 m. |
| 5 | Conclusion | Between 8 to 9 seconds the area, representing displacement, reaches \( -50 \, \text{m} \), which would cancel out the \( +50 \, \text{m} \) covered in the first 5 seconds. Thus, between 8 and 9 seconds, displacement is 0, which means the particle is back to its original starting point. |
| Step | Derivation/Formula | Reasoning |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | \(\text{Average acceleration} = \frac{\Delta v}{\Delta t}\) | The average acceleration is the change in velocity divided by the change in time (the slope of the graph) |
| 2 | \(\Delta v = v_f – v_i = 0 – 0 \, \text{m/s} = 0 \, \text{m/s}\) | The change in velocity for \(12 \, \text{s} < t < 14 \, \text{s}\) is \( \Delta v = 0 \, \text{m/s}\). |
| 3 | \(\Delta t = 14 \, \text{s} – 12 \, \text{s} = 2 \, \text{s}\) | The time interval is \( \Delta t = 2 \, \text{s}\). |
| 4 | \(\text{Average acceleration} = \frac{0 \, \text{m/s}}{2 \, \text{s}}\) | Substitute the values obtained for \( \Delta v \) and \( \Delta t \). |
| 5 | \(\text{Average acceleration} = 0 \, \text{m/s}^2\) | The average acceleration for \(12 \, \text{s} < t < 14 \, \text{s}\) is \( 0 \, \text{m/s}^2\). |
| 6 | Find the identical slope on a different part of of the graph. | The interval from \( 7 \, \text{s} \) to \( 10 \, \text{s} \) also shows 0 slope resulting in same acceleration. |
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The graph above shows velocity as a function of time for an object moving along a straight line. For which of the following sections of the graph is the acceleration constant and nonzero?
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The motion of a particle is described in the velocity vs. time graph shown above. Over the nine-second interval shown, we can say that the speed of the particle…
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In which of the following is the particle’s acceleration constant?
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An elevator starts at rest on the ground floor. It accelerates upward smoothly for \( 2 \) \( \text{s} \) until reaching a steady upward speed. It continues at that constant speed for \( 5 \) \( \text{s} \) before gently slowing to rest at the next floor in \( 3 \) \( \text{s} \). Draw the velocity vs. time graph.
A rollercoaster leaves the station at rest. Its speed increases steadily for \( 6 \) \( \text{s} \) as it heads down the first drop. The ride then levels out and it moves at a constant speed for \( 4 \) \( \text{s} \) before hitting the brakes and stopping in \( 3 \) \( \text{s} \). Draw the velocity vs. time graph or explain it in terms of functions.
Which of the following graphs represent an object having zero acceleration?
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| Kinematics | Forces |
|---|---|
| \(\Delta x = v_i t + \frac{1}{2} at^2\) | \(F = ma\) |
| \(v = v_i + at\) | \(F_g = \frac{G m_1 m_2}{r^2}\) |
| \(v^2 = v_i^2 + 2a \Delta x\) | \(f = \mu N\) |
| \(\Delta x = \frac{v_i + v}{2} t\) | \(F_s =-kx\) |
| \(v^2 = v_f^2 \,-\, 2a \Delta x\) |
| Circular Motion | Energy |
|---|---|
| \(F_c = \frac{mv^2}{r}\) | \(KE = \frac{1}{2} mv^2\) |
| \(a_c = \frac{v^2}{r}\) | \(PE = mgh\) |
| \(T = 2\pi \sqrt{\frac{r}{g}}\) | \(KE_i + PE_i = KE_f + PE_f\) |
| \(W = Fd \cos\theta\) |
| Momentum | Torque and Rotations |
|---|---|
| \(p = mv\) | \(\tau = r \cdot F \cdot \sin(\theta)\) |
| \(J = \Delta p\) | \(I = \sum mr^2\) |
| \(p_i = p_f\) | \(L = I \cdot \omega\) |
| Simple Harmonic Motion | Fluids |
|---|---|
| \(F = -kx\) | \(P = \frac{F}{A}\) |
| \(T = 2\pi \sqrt{\frac{l}{g}}\) | \(P_{\text{total}} = P_{\text{atm}} + \rho gh\) |
| \(T = 2\pi \sqrt{\frac{m}{k}}\) | \(Q = Av\) |
| \(x(t) = A \cos(\omega t + \phi)\) | \(F_b = \rho V g\) |
| \(a = -\omega^2 x\) | \(A_1v_1 = A_2v_2\) |
| Constant | Description |
|---|---|
| [katex]g[/katex] | Acceleration due to gravity, typically [katex]9.8 , \text{m/s}^2[/katex] on Earth’s surface |
| [katex]G[/katex] | Universal Gravitational Constant, [katex]6.674 \times 10^{-11} , \text{N} \cdot \text{m}^2/\text{kg}^2[/katex] |
| [katex]\mu_k[/katex] and [katex]\mu_s[/katex] | Coefficients of kinetic ([katex]\mu_k[/katex]) and static ([katex]\mu_s[/katex]) friction, dimensionless. Static friction ([katex]\mu_s[/katex]) is usually greater than kinetic friction ([katex]\mu_k[/katex]) as it resists the start of motion. |
| [katex]k[/katex] | Spring constant, in [katex]\text{N/m}[/katex] |
| [katex] M_E = 5.972 \times 10^{24} , \text{kg} [/katex] | Mass of the Earth |
| [katex] M_M = 7.348 \times 10^{22} , \text{kg} [/katex] | Mass of the Moon |
| [katex] M_M = 1.989 \times 10^{30} , \text{kg} [/katex] | Mass of the Sun |
| Variable | SI Unit |
|---|---|
| [katex]s[/katex] (Displacement) | [katex]\text{meters (m)}[/katex] |
| [katex]v[/katex] (Velocity) | [katex]\text{meters per second (m/s)}[/katex] |
| [katex]a[/katex] (Acceleration) | [katex]\text{meters per second squared (m/s}^2\text{)}[/katex] |
| [katex]t[/katex] (Time) | [katex]\text{seconds (s)}[/katex] |
| [katex]m[/katex] (Mass) | [katex]\text{kilograms (kg)}[/katex] |
| Variable | Derived SI Unit |
|---|---|
| [katex]F[/katex] (Force) | [katex]\text{newtons (N)}[/katex] |
| [katex]E[/katex], [katex]PE[/katex], [katex]KE[/katex] (Energy, Potential Energy, Kinetic Energy) | [katex]\text{joules (J)}[/katex] |
| [katex]P[/katex] (Power) | [katex]\text{watts (W)}[/katex] |
| [katex]p[/katex] (Momentum) | [katex]\text{kilogram meters per second (kgm/s)}[/katex] |
| [katex]\omega[/katex] (Angular Velocity) | [katex]\text{radians per second (rad/s)}[/katex] |
| [katex]\tau[/katex] (Torque) | [katex]\text{newton meters (Nm)}[/katex] |
| [katex]I[/katex] (Moment of Inertia) | [katex]\text{kilogram meter squared (kgm}^2\text{)}[/katex] |
| [katex]f[/katex] (Frequency) | [katex]\text{hertz (Hz)}[/katex] |
Metric Prefixes
Example of using unit analysis: Convert 5 kilometers to millimeters.
Start with the given measurement: [katex]\text{5 km}[/katex]
Use the conversion factors for kilometers to meters and meters to millimeters: [katex]\text{5 km} \times \frac{10^3 \, \text{m}}{1 \, \text{km}} \times \frac{10^3 \, \text{mm}}{1 \, \text{m}}[/katex]
Perform the multiplication: [katex]\text{5 km} \times \frac{10^3 \, \text{m}}{1 \, \text{km}} \times \frac{10^3 \, \text{mm}}{1 \, \text{m}} = 5 \times 10^3 \times 10^3 \, \text{mm}[/katex]
Simplify to get the final answer: [katex]\boxed{5 \times 10^6 \, \text{mm}}[/katex]
Prefix | Symbol | Power of Ten | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|---|
Pico- | p | [katex]10^{-12}[/katex] | |
Nano- | n | [katex]10^{-9}[/katex] | |
Micro- | µ | [katex]10^{-6}[/katex] | |
Milli- | m | [katex]10^{-3}[/katex] | |
Centi- | c | [katex]10^{-2}[/katex] | |
Deci- | d | [katex]10^{-1}[/katex] | |
(Base unit) | – | [katex]10^{0}[/katex] | |
Deca- or Deka- | da | [katex]10^{1}[/katex] | |
Hecto- | h | [katex]10^{2}[/katex] | |
Kilo- | k | [katex]10^{3}[/katex] | |
Mega- | M | [katex]10^{6}[/katex] | |
Giga- | G | [katex]10^{9}[/katex] | |
Tera- | T | [katex]10^{12}[/katex] |
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