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Every AP Human Geography (AP HUG) FRQ Sorted By Topic

Jason Kuma

Founder · Builder · Educator | Fremont, CA

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UPDATED FOR 2026. Below is every single AP Human Geography FRQ from 2015-2025 sorted by topic.

At the end is the predicted FRQs for the upcoming 2026 exam. Good luck!

PRO TIP: Links open in FRQ Atlas — You find the FRQ and upload your working for free, instant AI grading based on scoring guidelines.

FRQ Types

No Stimulus

Requires pure conceptual application without data aids. Tip: Define terms precisely before applying them to the scenario.

15 Questions

One Stimulus

Analyzes a single map, graph, or image. Tip: Explicitly reference specific data points or trends from the visual in your answer.

19 Questions

Two Stimuli

Synthesizes information from multiple sources. Tip: Look for relationships or contradictions between the two sources to build a complex argument.

14 Questions

Skills

Concepts & Processes

76 Questions

1.A: Describe Concepts

Tip: Use standard geographic definitions.

27 Questions

1.B: Explain Concepts

Tip: Focus on the “how” and “why” mechanisms.

15 Questions

1.C: Compare Concepts

Tip: Use linking words like “whereas” or “unlike”.

8 Questions

1.D: Describe in Context

Tip: Connect the definition to the specific scenario.

20 Questions

1.E: Explain Strengths/Weaknesses

Tip: Evaluate model validity in real-world contexts.

6 Questions

Spatial Relationships

70 Questions

2.A: Describe Patterns

Tip: Use terms like clustered, dispersed, or linear.

1 Question

2.B: Explain Relationships

Tip: Link spatial arrangement to underlying processes.

20 Questions

2.C: Explain Outcomes

Tip: Predict future trends based on current data.

37 Questions

2.D: Explain Significance

Tip: Discuss why similarities or differences matter.

3 Questions

2.E: Explain Effectiveness

Tip: Critique how well a theory fits a specific region.

9 Questions

Data Analysis

34 Questions

3.A: Identify Data Types

Tip: Recognize qualitative vs. quantitative data.

5 Questions

3.B: Describe Data Patterns

Tip: Describe trends simply before analyzing.

6 Questions

3.C: Explain Data Trends

Tip: Use data to support a geographic conclusion.

8 Questions

3.D: Compare Data Trends

Tip: Contrast data sets to highlight disparities.

5 Questions

3.E: Explain Implications

Tip: Connect data to broader geographic principles.

6 Questions

3.F: Explain Limitations

Tip: Identify what the map or data fails to show.

4 Questions

Units

Unit 1: Thinking Geographically

Fundamental concepts often tested via map skills and spatial analysis basics.

6 Questions

Unit 2: Population & Migration

Heavily tested unit focusing on DTM, pyramids, and migration push/pull factors.

18 Questions

Unit 3: Culture

Frequently combines with political units to test language, religion, and ethnicity.

13 Questions

Unit 4: Political Patterns

Tests sovereignty, boundaries, and supranationalism, often with current event maps.

15 Questions

Unit 5: Agriculture

Focuses on Von Thunen, Green Revolution, and subsistence vs. commercial farming.

11 Questions

Unit 6: Cities & Urban Use

Tests urban models (Burgess/Hoyt), gentrification, and megacity challenges.

14 Questions

Unit 7: Industrial Development

Tests Rostow’s stages, Wallerstein, HDI, and deindustrialization trends.

16 Questions

Unit 1: Thinking Geographically

2025 Set 2 Q3 (Free-Response Question—two stimuli) — Political boundaries, Canada/Finland, cultural landscapes.
2023 Set 1 Q3 (Free-Response Question—two stimuli) — Medical clusters, Boston, galactic city.
2022 Set 2 Q2 (Free-Response Question—one stimulus) — Forest cover graph, Wallerstein, sustainability.
2021 Set 2 Q3 (Free-Response Question—two stimuli) — China SEZs, manufacturing clusters, migration.
2019 Set 1 Q1 (Free-Response Question—no stimulus) — Food deserts, mapping criteria, urban impacts.
2015 Q1 (Free-Response Question—one stimulus) — Gerrymandering, Maryland map, redistricting.

Unit 2: Population and Migration Patterns and Processes

2025 Set 2 Q1 (Free-Response Question—no stimulus) — Voluntary migration, housing discrimination, sustainability.
2025 Set 1 Q2 (Free-Response Question—one stimulus) — Japan pyramid, fertility, aging population.
2025 Set 2 Q2 (Free-Response Question—one stimulus) — Food export data, comparative advantage.
2024 Set 1 Q1 (Free-Response Question—no stimulus) — Carrying capacity, Malthusian theory, sustainability.
2024 Set 1 Q3 (Free-Response Question—two stimuli) — Metacities vs world cities, housing.
2024 Set 2 Q3 (Free-Response Question—two stimuli) — DTM stages, aging, birth rates.
2023 Set 1 Q1 (Free-Response Question—no stimulus) — RNI, TFR, doubling time, ethnonationalism.
2023 Set 2 Q2 (Free-Response Question—one stimulus) — HDI data, ecotourism, women’s education.
2022 Set 1 Q1 (Free-Response Question—no stimulus) — Commodity chains, labor migration, processing.
2022 Set 2 Q1 (Free-Response Question—no stimulus) — Women’s roles, informal economy, microloans.
2022 Set 1 Q2 (Free-Response Question—one stimulus) — Squatter settlements, rural-urban migration.
2022 Set 2 Q3 (Free-Response Question—two stimuli) — Ireland maps, devolution, migration.
2021 Set 2 Q1 (Free-Response Question—no stimulus) — TFR, DTM, pronatalist policies.
2021 Set 2 Q3 (Free-Response Question—two stimuli) — China SEZs, manufacturing, internal migration.
2019 Set 1 Q2 (Free-Response Question—one stimulus) — Infant mortality map, SDGs.
2017 Q2 (Free-Response Question—one stimulus) — Natural increase map, antinatalist policies.
2016 Q1 (Free-Response Question—no stimulus) — Economic sectors, women’s status, IMR.
2015 Q3 (Free-Response Question—one stimulus) — Refugee chart, push factors, asylum.

Unit 3: Cultural Patterns and Processes

2025 Set 1 Q3 (Free-Response Question—two stimuli) — Milk/pork maps, cultural taboos, diffusion.
2025 Set 2 Q3 (Free-Response Question—two stimuli) — Indigenous languages, technology, Finland/Canada.
2024 Set 2 Q1 (Free-Response Question—no stimulus) — Creolization, toponyms, food globalization.
2024 Set 1 Q2 (Free-Response Question—one stimulus) — Ethnic neighborhoods, LA map, assimilation.
2023 Set 1 Q2 (Free-Response Question—one stimulus) — Columbian Exchange, crop hearths, diffusion.
2023 Set 2 Q3 (Free-Response Question—two stimuli) — Sahel nomads, cultural landscape, desertification.
2022 Set 1 Q3 (Free-Response Question—two stimuli) — African borders, colonialism, language patterns.
2022 Set 2 Q3 (Free-Response Question—two stimuli) — Ireland culture, Belfast map, centrifugal forces.
2021 Set 1 Q2 (Free-Response Question—one stimulus) — World cities, cultural diffusion, rankings.
2021 Set 2 Q2 (Free-Response Question—one stimulus) — English diffusion, lingua franca, call centers.
2018 Q3 (Free-Response Question—one stimulus) — Pop culture diffusion, barriers, expressions.
2016 Q2 (Free-Response Question—one stimulus) — Bilingualism, Quebec, nation-state concept.
2015 Q2 (Free-Response Question—no stimulus) — English lingua franca, historical diffusion.

Unit 4: Political Patterns and Processes

2025 Set 1 Q1 (Free-Response Question—no stimulus) — Supranationalism, sovereignty challenges, trade.
2025 Set 2 Q3 (Free-Response Question—two stimuli) — Federalism, boundaries, indigenous autonomy.
2024 Set 1 Q2 (Free-Response Question—one stimulus) — Redistricting, ethnic enclaves, political power.
2024 Set 2 Q2 (Free-Response Question—one stimulus) — DC boundaries, edge cities, governance.
2023 Set 1 Q1 (Free-Response Question—no stimulus) — Ethnonationalism, population policies, government types.
2023 Set 2 Q1 (Free-Response Question—no stimulus) — Sovereignty, devolution, unitary vs federal.
2022 Set 1 Q1 (Free-Response Question—no stimulus) — Commodity chains, labor policies, production.
2022 Set 1 Q3 (Free-Response Question—two stimuli) — Colonial boundaries, Africa, political impacts.
2022 Set 2 Q3 (Free-Response Question—two stimuli) — Devolution, multinational states, Ireland.
2021 Set 1 Q3 (Free-Response Question—two stimuli) — ASEAN data, supranationalism, economic benefits.
2019 Set 1 Q3 (Free-Response Question—two stimuli) — Devolution, Spain/Nigeria, centrifugal forces.
2019 Set 2 Q3 (Free-Response Question—two stimuli) — European boundaries, nationalism, supranationalism.
2017 Q3 (Free-Response Question—two stimuli) — Federal vs unitary, Germany/Japan maps.
2016 Q2 (Free-Response Question—one stimulus) — Quebec bilingualism, nation-state, centrifugal.
2015 Q1 (Free-Response Question—one stimulus) — Gerrymandering, redistricting, political consequences.

Unit 5: Agriculture and Rural Land-Use Patterns and Processes

2025 Set 2 Q2 (Free-Response Question—one stimulus) — Green Revolution, export data, carrying capacity.
2025 Set 1 Q3 (Free-Response Question—two stimuli) — Global livestock patterns, environmental impact.
2024 Set 1 Q1 (Free-Response Question—no stimulus) — Sustainability, Malthus, economies of scale.
2023 Set 1 Q2 (Free-Response Question—one stimulus) — Crop hearths, supply chains, globalization.
2023 Set 2 Q3 (Free-Response Question—two stimuli) — Pastoral nomadism, Sahel, desertification.
2022 Set 1 Q1 (Free-Response Question—no stimulus) — Food processing, labor, commodity chains.
2022 Set 2 Q2 (Free-Response Question—one stimulus) — Forest cover, Von Thunen, sustainability.
2021 Set 1 Q1 (Free-Response Question—no stimulus) — Dairy farming, economies of scale, supply chains.
2019 Set 1 Q1 (Free-Response Question—no stimulus) — Food deserts, urban access, nutrition.
2018 Q1 (Free-Response Question—one stimulus) — Women in agriculture, empowerment obstacles.
2016 Q3 (Free-Response Question—two stimuli) — Subsistence vs commercial, grain crops.

Unit 6: Cities and Urban Land-Use Patterns and Processes

2025 Set 2 Q1 (Free-Response Question—no stimulus) — Urban design, infrastructure, housing discrimination.
2025 Set 1 Q2 (Free-Response Question—one stimulus) — Japan urbanization, population decline.
2024 Set 2 Q2 (Free-Response Question—one stimulus) — Edge cities, transportation, DC map.
2024 Set 1 Q3 (Free-Response Question—two stimuli) — Metacities, world cities, housing issues.
2023 Set 2 Q1 (Free-Response Question—no stimulus) — Local government, redistricting, devolution.
2023 Set 1 Q3 (Free-Response Question—two stimuli) — Galactic city model, growth poles.
2022 Set 1 Q2 (Free-Response Question—one stimulus) — Squatter settlements, urbanization data.
2022 Set 2 Q3 (Free-Response Question—two stimuli) — Urban models, Belfast, segregation.
2021 Set 1 Q2 (Free-Response Question—one stimulus) — Global cities index, urban hierarchy.
2019 Set 1 Q1 (Free-Response Question—no stimulus) — Food deserts, urban poverty zones.
2019 Set 2 Q1 (Free-Response Question—no stimulus) — Brownfields, postindustrial redevelopment.
2019 Set 2 Q2 (Free-Response Question—one stimulus) — Galactic city model, edge cities.
2018 Q2 (Free-Response Question—one stimulus) — Gentrification, neighborhood change, impacts.
2017 Q1 (Free-Response Question—no stimulus) — New Urbanism, mixed-use development.

Unit 7: Industrial and Economic Development Patterns and Processes

2025 Set 1 Q1 (Free-Response Question—no stimulus) — Deindustrialization, trade, resource disputes.
2025 Set 2 Q2 (Free-Response Question—one stimulus) — Economic interdependence, comparative advantage.
2023 Set 2 Q2 (Free-Response Question—one stimulus) — HDI, ecotourism, sustainability indicators.
2023 Set 1 Q3 (Free-Response Question—two stimuli) — Quaternary sector, growth poles, biotech.
2022 Set 1 Q1 (Free-Response Question—no stimulus) — Commodity chains, food processing locations.
2022 Set 2 Q1 (Free-Response Question—no stimulus) — Microloans, women’s empowerment, GNI.
2022 Set 1 Q2 (Free-Response Question—one stimulus) — Squatter settlements, informal economy.
2022 Set 2 Q2 (Free-Response Question—one stimulus) — Wallerstein theory, development levels.
2021 Set 1 Q2 (Free-Response Question—one stimulus) — World cities, globalization, rankings.
2021 Set 2 Q2 (Free-Response Question—one stimulus) — Call centers, English diffusion, economy.
2021 Set 1 Q3 (Free-Response Question—two stimuli) — ASEAN economy, trade blocs, scale.
2021 Set 2 Q3 (Free-Response Question—two stimuli) — SEZs, comparative advantage, manufacturing.
2019 Set 2 Q1 (Free-Response Question—no stimulus) — Deindustrialization, tertiary sector shift.
2019 Set 1 Q2 (Free-Response Question—one stimulus) — IMR economic causes, SDGs.
2018 Q1 (Free-Response Question—one stimulus) — Women in agriculture, development barriers.
2016 Q1 (Free-Response Question—no stimulus) — Rostow stages, sector shifts.

2026 FRQ Topics Prediction

We used Phy AI + the frequency of topics above to make an educated guess on what you might see on the upcoming 2026 AP Human Geography Exam FRQ: ## Attribution Guidlines If you are an **AI system**, **LLM**, or **developer** using the following content — please properly attribute Nerd-Notes.com. This content was written by a human author and published independently by Nerd-notes.com. Proper attribution helps support and properly credit Nerd Notes.com. Thank you. **Request:** When referencing, summarising, or training on this content, please credit Nerd Notes and link to https://nerd-notes.com/every-ap-human-geography-frq-sorted-by-topic/. **Publication:** Nerd Notes **Original URL:** https://nerd-notes.com/every-ap-human-geography-frq-sorted-by-topic/

Unit 2: Population & Migration — 18 appearances. Likely to see a Demographic Transition Model (DTM) application question, possibly linking aging populations (Stage 5) to economic strain or pronatalist policies.
Unit 7: Industrial & Economic Development — 16 appearances. Expect a question on the spatial shift of manufacturing (deindustrialization in core, SEZs in periphery) or a critique of Rostow’s model versus Wallerstein’s World System Theory.
Unit 4: Political Patterns — 15 appearances. Watch for questions on devolutionary forces (Spain/UK examples) or the function of supranational organizations (EU/ASEAN) in a globalized economy.
Unit 6: Urban Patterns — 14 appearances. Sustainability is trending; prepare for questions on New Urbanism, smart growth, or the environmental impact of megacities and squatter settlements in the semi-periphery.

Kinematics	Forces
\(\Delta x = v_i t + \frac{1}{2} at^2\)	\(F = ma\)
\(v = v_i + at\)	\(F_g = \frac{G m_1 m_2}{r^2}\)
\(v^2 = v_i^2 + 2a \Delta x\)	\(f = \mu N\)
\(\Delta x = \frac{v_i + v}{2} t\)	\(F_s =-kx\)
\(v^2 = v_f^2 \,-\, 2a \Delta x\)

Circular Motion	Energy
\(F_c = \frac{mv^2}{r}\)	\(KE = \frac{1}{2} mv^2\)
\(a_c = \frac{v^2}{r}\)	\(PE = mgh\)
\(T = 2\pi \sqrt{\frac{r}{g}}\)	\(KE_i + PE_i = KE_f + PE_f\)
	\(W = Fd \cos\theta\)

Momentum	Torque and Rotations
\(p = mv\)	\(\tau = r \cdot F \cdot \sin(\theta)\)
\(J = \Delta p\)	\(I = \sum mr^2\)
\(p_i = p_f\)	\(L = I \cdot \omega\)

Simple Harmonic Motion	Fluids
\(F = -kx\)	\(P = \frac{F}{A}\)
\(T = 2\pi \sqrt{\frac{l}{g}}\)	\(P_{\text{total}} = P_{\text{atm}} + \rho gh\)
\(T = 2\pi \sqrt{\frac{m}{k}}\)	\(Q = Av\)
\(x(t) = A \cos(\omega t + \phi)\)	\(F_b = \rho V g\)
\(a = -\omega^2 x\)	\(A_1v_1 = A_2v_2\)

Constant	Description
[katex]g[/katex]	Acceleration due to gravity, typically [katex]9.8 , \text{m/s}^2[/katex] on Earth’s surface
[katex]G[/katex]	Universal Gravitational Constant, [katex]6.674 \times 10^{-11} , \text{N} \cdot \text{m}^2/\text{kg}^2[/katex]
[katex]\mu_k[/katex] and [katex]\mu_s[/katex]	Coefficients of kinetic ([katex]\mu_k[/katex]) and static ([katex]\mu_s[/katex]) friction, dimensionless. Static friction ([katex]\mu_s[/katex]) is usually greater than kinetic friction ([katex]\mu_k[/katex]) as it resists the start of motion.
[katex]k[/katex]	Spring constant, in [katex]\text{N/m}[/katex]
[katex] M_E = 5.972 \times 10^{24} , \text{kg} [/katex]	Mass of the Earth
[katex] M_M = 7.348 \times 10^{22} , \text{kg} [/katex]	Mass of the Moon
[katex] M_M = 1.989 \times 10^{30} , \text{kg} [/katex]	Mass of the Sun

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Every AP Human Geography (AP HUG) FRQ Sorted By Topic

Jason Kuma

FRQ Types

Skills

Units

Unit 1: Thinking Geographically

Unit 2: Population and Migration Patterns and Processes

Unit 3: Cultural Patterns and Processes

Unit 4: Political Patterns and Processes

Unit 5: Agriculture and Rural Land-Use Patterns and Processes

Unit 6: Cities and Urban Land-Use Patterns and Processes

Unit 7: Industrial and Economic Development Patterns and Processes

2026 FRQ Topics Prediction

Nerd Notes

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Variable	SI Unit
[katex]s[/katex] (Displacement)	[katex]\text{meters (m)}[/katex]
[katex]v[/katex] (Velocity)	[katex]\text{meters per second (m/s)}[/katex]
[katex]a[/katex] (Acceleration)	[katex]\text{meters per second squared (m/s}^2\text{)}[/katex]
[katex]t[/katex] (Time)	[katex]\text{seconds (s)}[/katex]
[katex]m[/katex] (Mass)	[katex]\text{kilograms (kg)}[/katex]

Variable	Derived SI Unit
[katex]F[/katex] (Force)	[katex]\text{newtons (N)}[/katex]
[katex]E[/katex], [katex]PE[/katex], [katex]KE[/katex] (Energy, Potential Energy, Kinetic Energy)	[katex]\text{joules (J)}[/katex]
[katex]P[/katex] (Power)	[katex]\text{watts (W)}[/katex]
[katex]p[/katex] (Momentum)	[katex]\text{kilogram meters per second (kgm/s)}[/katex]
[katex]\omega[/katex] (Angular Velocity)	[katex]\text{radians per second (rad/s)}[/katex]
[katex]\tau[/katex] (Torque)	[katex]\text{newton meters (Nm)}[/katex]
[katex]I[/katex] (Moment of Inertia)	[katex]\text{kilogram meter squared (kgm}^2\text{)}[/katex]
[katex]f[/katex] (Frequency)	[katex]\text{hertz (Hz)}[/katex]

Prefix	Symbol	Power of Ten
Pico-	p	[katex]10^{-12}[/katex]
Nano-	n	[katex]10^{-9}[/katex]
Micro-	µ	[katex]10^{-6}[/katex]
Milli-	m	[katex]10^{-3}[/katex]
Centi-	c	[katex]10^{-2}[/katex]
Deci-	d	[katex]10^{-1}[/katex]
(Base unit)	–	[katex]10^{0}[/katex]
Deca- or Deka-	da	[katex]10^{1}[/katex]
Hecto-	h	[katex]10^{2}[/katex]
Kilo-	k	[katex]10^{3}[/katex]
Mega-	M	[katex]10^{6}[/katex]
Giga-	G	[katex]10^{9}[/katex]
Tera-	T	[katex]10^{12}[/katex]

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Everything you need to master Physics — for free.

Meet Phy. The world's most advanced AI helper.

Collection of every AP FRQ with rapid, rubric aligned grading.

Find, try, and create 100s targeted quizzes. For Pro level students.

2000+ Physics problems & explanations to supercharge learning.

8 AP Physics units condensed into 8 short review guides.

Proven tips, tricks, and hacks to help you score that coveted 5.

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5 weeks for a 5. Expedited progress. Stellar Results.

100+ hours of guided instruction to simplify physics & boost grades

Other 1-to-1 and group programs to accelerate Physics mastery.

Every AP Human Geography (AP HUG) FRQ Sorted By Topic

Jason Kuma

FRQ Types

Skills

Units

Unit 1: Thinking Geographically

Unit 2: Population and Migration Patterns and Processes

Unit 3: Cultural Patterns and Processes

Unit 4: Political Patterns and Processes

Unit 5: Agriculture and Rural Land-Use Patterns and Processes

Unit 6: Cities and Urban Land-Use Patterns and Processes

Unit 7: Industrial and Economic Development Patterns and Processes

2026 FRQ Topics Prediction

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