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AP Physics 1
8.4 Fluids and Conservation Laws
8.2 Pressure
AdvancedFRQMathematicalProportional AnalysisConceptual13.5k
A horizontal pipe with fluid flowing from left to right. The left section of the pipe is narrow and labeled with area A_1, speed v_1, and pressure P_1. The pipe widens smoothly into a larger right section labeled with area A_2, speed v_2, and pressure P_2. A U-shaped tube (manometer) connects the bottom edge of the narrow section to the bottom edge of the wide section. Inside the U-tube is a darker shaded liquid. The level of the darker liquid is higher in the left arm of the U-tube (connected to the narrow section) and lower in the right arm (connected to the wide section). The vertical difference in height between the two liquid levels is marked with double arrows and labeled 'h'.
Figure 1. A horizontal pipe with varying cross-sectional area connected to a manometer.
An ideal, incompressible fluid of density \(\rho_f\) flows steadily through a horizontal pipe. The pipe has a narrow section with cross-sectional area \(A_1\) where the fluid speed is \(v_1\) and the absolute pressure is \(P_1\). The pipe widens to a section with cross-sectional area \(A_2\) where the fluid speed is \(v_2\) and the absolute pressure is \(P_2\). A U-tube manometer containing a liquid of density \(\rho_m\) (where \(\rho_m > \rho_f\)) is connected between the bottom of the narrow section and the bottom of the wide section, as shown in Figure 1. The fluid in the pipe and the liquid in the manometer do not mix.

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