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Unit 1 - Vectors and Kinematics

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1. Maximum Height Reached by the Coin

Step Formula Derivation Reasoning
1 [katex]v^2 = u^2 + 2as[/katex] Kinematic equation for motion, with [katex]v[/katex] as final velocity, [katex]u[/katex] as initial velocity, [katex]a[/katex] as acceleration, and [katex]s[/katex] as displacement.
2 [katex]0 = (11, \text{m/s})^2 – 2 \times 9.81, \text{m/s}^2 \times s[/katex] At maximum height, final velocity [katex]v = 0[/katex], initial velocity [katex]u = 11, \text{m/s}[/katex] upward, acceleration [katex]a = -9.81, \text{m/s}^2[/katex] (gravity acts downward).
3 Solve for [katex]s[/katex] Calculate the displacement [katex]s[/katex].

2. Position 4.20 Seconds After Being Released

Step Formula Derivation Reasoning
1 [katex]s = ut + \frac{1}{2}at^2[/katex] Kinematic equation for displacement.
2 [katex]s = 11, \text{m/s} \times 4.20, \text{s} – \frac{1}{2} \times 9.81, \text{m/s}^2 \times (4.20, \text{s})^2[/katex] Substitute values for [katex]u[/katex], [katex]a[/katex], and [katex]t[/katex] (time after release).

3. Velocity 4.20 Seconds After Being Released

Step Formula Derivation Reasoning
1 [katex]v = u + at[/katex] Kinematic equation for velocity.
2 [katex]v = 11, \text{m/s} – 9.81, \text{m/s}^2 \times 4.20, \text{s}[/katex] Substitute values for [katex]u[/katex], [katex]a[/katex], and [katex]t[/katex].

4. Time Before Coin Hits the Ground

Step Formula Derivation Reasoning
1 [katex]s = ut + \frac{1}{2}at^2[/katex] Kinematic equation for displacement.
2 [katex]-250, \text{m} = 11, \text{m/s} \times t – \frac{1}{2} \times 9.81, \text{m/s}^2 \times t^2[/katex] Substitute values for [katex]s[/katex] (downward displacement), [katex]u[/katex], and [katex]a[/katex]. Solve for [katex]t[/katex].

Let’s perform the calculations for each part.

The results for each part are as follows:

  1. Maximum height reached by the coin: [katex]\boxed{256.17, \text{meters}}[/katex]
  2. Position of the coin 4.20 seconds after being released: [katex]\boxed{209.68, \text{meters}}[/katex] above the ground
  3. Velocity of the coin 4.20 seconds after being released: [katex]\boxed{-30.20, \text{m/s}}[/katex] (downward, as indicated by the negative sign)
  4. Time before the coin hits the ground: [katex]\boxed{8.35, \text{seconds}}[/katex]

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  1. 256.2 m
  2. 210 m
  3. -30.16 m/s
  4. 8.4 s

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Dark Mode Equation Sheet (Download)
KinematicsForces
[katex]\Delta x = v_i t + \frac{1}{2} at^2[/katex][katex]F = ma[/katex]
[katex]v = v_i + at[/katex][katex]F_g = \frac{G m_1m_2}{r^2}[/katex]
[katex]a = \frac{\Delta v}{\Delta t}[/katex][katex]f = \mu N[/katex]
[katex]R = \frac{v_i^2 \sin(2\theta)}{g}[/katex] 
Circular MotionEnergy
[katex]F_c = \frac{mv^2}{r}[/katex][katex]KE = \frac{1}{2} mv^2[/katex]
[katex]a_c = \frac{v^2}{r}[/katex][katex]PE = mgh[/katex]
 [katex]KE_i + PE_i = KE_f + PE_f[/katex]
MomentumTorque and Rotations
[katex]p = m v[/katex][katex]\tau = r \cdot F \cdot \sin(\theta)[/katex]
[katex]J = \Delta p[/katex][katex]I = \sum mr^2[/katex]
[katex]p_i = p_f[/katex][katex]L = I \cdot \omega[/katex]
Simple Harmonic Motion
[katex]F = -k x[/katex]
[katex]T = 2\pi \sqrt{\frac{l}{g}}[/katex]
[katex]T = 2\pi \sqrt{\frac{m}{k}}[/katex]
ConstantDescription
[katex]g[/katex]Acceleration due to gravity, typically [katex]9.8 , \text{m/s}^2[/katex] on Earth’s surface
[katex]G[/katex]Universal Gravitational Constant, [katex]6.674 \times 10^{-11} , \text{N} \cdot \text{m}^2/\text{kg}^2[/katex]
[katex]\mu_k[/katex] and [katex]\mu_s[/katex]Coefficients of kinetic ([katex]\mu_k[/katex]) and static ([katex]\mu_s[/katex]) friction, dimensionless. Static friction ([katex]\mu_s[/katex]) is usually greater than kinetic friction ([katex]\mu_k[/katex]) as it resists the start of motion.
[katex]k[/katex]Spring constant, in [katex]\text{N/m}[/katex]
[katex] M_E = 5.972 \times 10^{24} , \text{kg} [/katex]Mass of the Earth
[katex] M_M = 7.348 \times 10^{22} , \text{kg} [/katex]Mass of the Moon
[katex] M_M = 1.989 \times 10^{30} , \text{kg} [/katex]Mass of the Sun
VariableSI Unit
[katex]s[/katex] (Displacement)[katex]\text{meters (m)}[/katex]
[katex]v[/katex] (Velocity)[katex]\text{meters per second (m/s)}[/katex]
[katex]a[/katex] (Acceleration)[katex]\text{meters per second squared (m/s}^2\text{)}[/katex]
[katex]t[/katex] (Time)[katex]\text{seconds (s)}[/katex]
[katex]m[/katex] (Mass)[katex]\text{kilograms (kg)}[/katex]
VariableDerived SI Unit
[katex]F[/katex] (Force)[katex]\text{newtons (N)}[/katex]
[katex]E[/katex], [katex]PE[/katex], [katex]KE[/katex] (Energy, Potential Energy, Kinetic Energy)[katex]\text{joules (J)}[/katex]
[katex]P[/katex] (Power)[katex]\text{watts (W)}[/katex]
[katex]p[/katex] (Momentum)[katex]\text{kilogram meters per second (kgm/s)}[/katex]
[katex]\omega[/katex] (Angular Velocity)[katex]\text{radians per second (rad/s)}[/katex]
[katex]\tau[/katex] (Torque)[katex]\text{newton meters (Nm)}[/katex]
[katex]I[/katex] (Moment of Inertia)[katex]\text{kilogram meter squared (kgm}^2\text{)}[/katex]
[katex]f[/katex] (Frequency)[katex]\text{hertz (Hz)}[/katex]

General Metric Conversion Chart

Example of using unit analysis: Convert 5 kilometers to millimeters. 

  1. Start with the given measurement: [katex]\text{5 km}[/katex]

  2. Use the conversion factors for kilometers to meters and meters to millimeters: [katex]\text{5 km} \times \frac{10^3 \, \text{m}}{1 \, \text{km}} \times \frac{10^3 \, \text{mm}}{1 \, \text{m}}[/katex]

  3. Perform the multiplication: [katex]\text{5 km} \times \frac{10^3 \, \text{m}}{1 \, \text{km}} \times \frac{10^3 \, \text{mm}}{1 \, \text{m}} = 5 \times 10^3 \times 10^3 \, \text{mm}[/katex]

  4. Simplify to get the final answer: [katex]\boxed{5 \times 10^6 \, \text{mm}}[/katex]

Prefix

Symbol

Power of Ten

Equivalent

Pico-

p

[katex]10^{-12}[/katex]

Nano-

n

[katex]10^{-9}[/katex]

Micro-

µ

[katex]10^{-6}[/katex]

Milli-

m

[katex]10^{-3}[/katex]

Centi-

c

[katex]10^{-2}[/katex]

Deci-

d

[katex]10^{-1}[/katex]

(Base unit)

–

[katex]10^{0}[/katex]

Deca- or Deka-

da

[katex]10^{1}[/katex]

Hecto-

h

[katex]10^{2}[/katex]

Kilo-

k

[katex]10^{3}[/katex]

Mega-

M

[katex]10^{6}[/katex]

Giga-

G

[katex]10^{9}[/katex]

Tera-

T

[katex]10^{12}[/katex]

  1. Some answers may be slightly off by 1% depending on rounding, etc.
  2. Answers will use different values of gravity. Some answers use 9.81 m/s2, and other 10 m/s2 for calculations.
  3. Variables are sometimes written differently from class to class. For example, sometime initial velocity [katex] v_i [/katex] is written as [katex] u [/katex]; sometimes [katex] \Delta x [/katex] is written as [katex] s [/katex].
  4. Bookmark questions that you can’t solve so you can come back to them later. 
  5. Always get help if you can’t figure out a problem. The sooner you can get it cleared up the better chances of you not getting it wrong on a test!

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