Part (a)
| Step | Derivation/Formula | Reasoning |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | \(\Delta x = 12 \, \text{cm} = 0.12 \, \text{m}\) | Convert the distance from centimeters to meters. |
| 2 | \(v_i = 500 \, \text{m/s}, \, v_x = 0 \, \text{m/s}\) | Identify the initial and final velocities. |
| 3 | \(a = \frac{v_x^2 – v_i^2}{2\Delta x}\) | Use the kinematic equation to find the acceleration. |
| 4 | \(a = \frac{0 – (500 \, \text{m/s})^2}{2 \times 0.12 \, \text{m}}\) | Substitute the values into the kinematic equation. |
| 5 | \(a = \frac{-250000}{0.24} \approx -1041666.67 \, \text{m/s}^2\) | Calculate the deceleration of the bullet. (Negative sign indicates deceleration) |
| 6 | \(F = ma\) | Use Newton’s second law to find the force. |
| 7 | \(m = 0.03 \, \text{kg}, \, F = 0.03 \times (-1041666.67)\) | Substitute the values (mass in kg and acceleration) into the formula. |
| 8 | \(\boxed{F \approx -31250 \, \text{N}}\) | The force on the bullet is approximately -31250 N (Negative sign indicates the direction of the force opposite to the motion). |
Part (b)
| Step | Derivation/Formula | Reasoning |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | \(v_i = 500 \, \text{m/s}, \, v_x = 0 \, \text{m/s}, \, a = -1041666.67 \, \text{m/s}^2\) | Identify the initial and final velocities and the deceleration. |
| 2 | \(v_x = v_i + at\) | Use the kinematic equation to find the time. |
| 3 | \(0 = 500 + (-1041666.67)t\) | Substitute the values into the kinematic equation. |
| 4 | \(t = \frac{500}{1041666.67} \approx 0.00048 \, \text{s}\) | Solve for the time \(t\). |
| 5 | \(\boxed{t \approx 0.00048 \, \text{s}}\) | The time required for the bullet to stop is approximately 0.00048 seconds. |
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A car moves forward at a steady \( 10 \) \( \text{m/s} \) for \( 5 \) \( \text{s} \). The driver slams the brakes and brings it to rest in \( 2 \) \( \text{s} \). Without waiting, the driver immediately accelerates backward (negative velocity) for \( 3 \) \( \text{s} \) until reaching \( 8 \) \( \text{m/s} \) in reverse. Draw the velocity vs. time graph.
A projectile is launched at a speed of \( 22 \) \( \text{m/s} \) at an angle of \( 60^{\circ} \) above the horizontal. It lands on a ramp that is \( 5 \) \( \text{m} \) lower than the launch height. How long does it take for the projectile to hit the ramp?
An airplane accelerates down a runway at \( 10 \, \text{m/s}^2 \). It reaches a final velocity of \( 200 \, \text{m/s} \) until it finally lifts off the ground. Determine the distance traveled before takeoff.
A runner pushes against the track to sprint forward. Which two action–reaction FORCE pairs are involved? Select two letters.
A rocket, initially at rest, is fired vertically upward with an acceleration of \( 12.0 \, \text{m/s}^2 \). At an altitude of \( 1.00 \, \text{km} \), the rocket engine cuts off. Drag is negligible.
A ball is dropped off a high cliff, and \( 2 \) \( \text{s} \) later another ball is thrown vertically downward with an initial speed of \( 30 \) \( \text{m/s} \). How long will it take the second ball to overtake the first?
A rock is dropped from the top of a tall tower. Half a second later another rock, twice as massive as the first, is dropped. Ignoring air resistance what is the correct choice?
A ball is tossed directly upward. Its total time in the air is \( T \). Its maximum height is \( H \). What is its height after it has been in the air a time \( T/4 \)? Air resistance is negligible.
A person stands on a scale in an elevator. If the scale reads \( 600 \, \text{N} \) when that person is riding upward at a constant velocity of \( 4 \, \text{m/s} \), what is the scale reading when the elevator is at rest? Hint: The reading on the scale is simply the normal force.
Three blocks of masses \( 1.0 \, \text{kg} \), \( 2.0 \, \text{kg} \), and \( 4.0 \, \text{kg} \) are connected by massless strings, one of which passes over a frictionless pulley of negligible mass, as shown above. Calculate each of the following.
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| Kinematics | Forces |
|---|---|
| \(\Delta x = v_i t + \frac{1}{2} at^2\) | \(F = ma\) |
| \(v = v_i + at\) | \(F_g = \frac{G m_1 m_2}{r^2}\) |
| \(v^2 = v_i^2 + 2a \Delta x\) | \(f = \mu N\) |
| \(\Delta x = \frac{v_i + v}{2} t\) | \(F_s =-kx\) |
| \(v^2 = v_f^2 \,-\, 2a \Delta x\) |
| Circular Motion | Energy |
|---|---|
| \(F_c = \frac{mv^2}{r}\) | \(KE = \frac{1}{2} mv^2\) |
| \(a_c = \frac{v^2}{r}\) | \(PE = mgh\) |
| \(T = 2\pi \sqrt{\frac{r}{g}}\) | \(KE_i + PE_i = KE_f + PE_f\) |
| \(W = Fd \cos\theta\) |
| Momentum | Torque and Rotations |
|---|---|
| \(p = mv\) | \(\tau = r \cdot F \cdot \sin(\theta)\) |
| \(J = \Delta p\) | \(I = \sum mr^2\) |
| \(p_i = p_f\) | \(L = I \cdot \omega\) |
| Simple Harmonic Motion | Fluids |
|---|---|
| \(F = -kx\) | \(P = \frac{F}{A}\) |
| \(T = 2\pi \sqrt{\frac{l}{g}}\) | \(P_{\text{total}} = P_{\text{atm}} + \rho gh\) |
| \(T = 2\pi \sqrt{\frac{m}{k}}\) | \(Q = Av\) |
| \(x(t) = A \cos(\omega t + \phi)\) | \(F_b = \rho V g\) |
| \(a = -\omega^2 x\) | \(A_1v_1 = A_2v_2\) |
| Constant | Description |
|---|---|
| [katex]g[/katex] | Acceleration due to gravity, typically [katex]9.8 , \text{m/s}^2[/katex] on Earth’s surface |
| [katex]G[/katex] | Universal Gravitational Constant, [katex]6.674 \times 10^{-11} , \text{N} \cdot \text{m}^2/\text{kg}^2[/katex] |
| [katex]\mu_k[/katex] and [katex]\mu_s[/katex] | Coefficients of kinetic ([katex]\mu_k[/katex]) and static ([katex]\mu_s[/katex]) friction, dimensionless. Static friction ([katex]\mu_s[/katex]) is usually greater than kinetic friction ([katex]\mu_k[/katex]) as it resists the start of motion. |
| [katex]k[/katex] | Spring constant, in [katex]\text{N/m}[/katex] |
| [katex] M_E = 5.972 \times 10^{24} , \text{kg} [/katex] | Mass of the Earth |
| [katex] M_M = 7.348 \times 10^{22} , \text{kg} [/katex] | Mass of the Moon |
| [katex] M_M = 1.989 \times 10^{30} , \text{kg} [/katex] | Mass of the Sun |
| Variable | SI Unit |
|---|---|
| [katex]s[/katex] (Displacement) | [katex]\text{meters (m)}[/katex] |
| [katex]v[/katex] (Velocity) | [katex]\text{meters per second (m/s)}[/katex] |
| [katex]a[/katex] (Acceleration) | [katex]\text{meters per second squared (m/s}^2\text{)}[/katex] |
| [katex]t[/katex] (Time) | [katex]\text{seconds (s)}[/katex] |
| [katex]m[/katex] (Mass) | [katex]\text{kilograms (kg)}[/katex] |
| Variable | Derived SI Unit |
|---|---|
| [katex]F[/katex] (Force) | [katex]\text{newtons (N)}[/katex] |
| [katex]E[/katex], [katex]PE[/katex], [katex]KE[/katex] (Energy, Potential Energy, Kinetic Energy) | [katex]\text{joules (J)}[/katex] |
| [katex]P[/katex] (Power) | [katex]\text{watts (W)}[/katex] |
| [katex]p[/katex] (Momentum) | [katex]\text{kilogram meters per second (kgm/s)}[/katex] |
| [katex]\omega[/katex] (Angular Velocity) | [katex]\text{radians per second (rad/s)}[/katex] |
| [katex]\tau[/katex] (Torque) | [katex]\text{newton meters (Nm)}[/katex] |
| [katex]I[/katex] (Moment of Inertia) | [katex]\text{kilogram meter squared (kgm}^2\text{)}[/katex] |
| [katex]f[/katex] (Frequency) | [katex]\text{hertz (Hz)}[/katex] |
Metric Prefixes
Example of using unit analysis: Convert 5 kilometers to millimeters.
Start with the given measurement: [katex]\text{5 km}[/katex]
Use the conversion factors for kilometers to meters and meters to millimeters: [katex]\text{5 km} \times \frac{10^3 \, \text{m}}{1 \, \text{km}} \times \frac{10^3 \, \text{mm}}{1 \, \text{m}}[/katex]
Perform the multiplication: [katex]\text{5 km} \times \frac{10^3 \, \text{m}}{1 \, \text{km}} \times \frac{10^3 \, \text{mm}}{1 \, \text{m}} = 5 \times 10^3 \times 10^3 \, \text{mm}[/katex]
Simplify to get the final answer: [katex]\boxed{5 \times 10^6 \, \text{mm}}[/katex]
Prefix | Symbol | Power of Ten | Equivalent |
|---|---|---|---|
Pico- | p | [katex]10^{-12}[/katex] | |
Nano- | n | [katex]10^{-9}[/katex] | |
Micro- | µ | [katex]10^{-6}[/katex] | |
Milli- | m | [katex]10^{-3}[/katex] | |
Centi- | c | [katex]10^{-2}[/katex] | |
Deci- | d | [katex]10^{-1}[/katex] | |
(Base unit) | – | [katex]10^{0}[/katex] | |
Deca- or Deka- | da | [katex]10^{1}[/katex] | |
Hecto- | h | [katex]10^{2}[/katex] | |
Kilo- | k | [katex]10^{3}[/katex] | |
Mega- | M | [katex]10^{6}[/katex] | |
Giga- | G | [katex]10^{9}[/katex] | |
Tera- | T | [katex]10^{12}[/katex] |
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